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Date: Tue, 27 Jan 2009 21:46:22 +0200
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<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" =
size=3D3><U>ABSTRACT</U></FONT>&nbsp;<BR></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>After years of focusing on =
preschool=20
children who stutter, (Glauber, 1958; Johnson, 1959; Yairi and Ambrose, =
2005) in=20
the last two decades researchers have shown increasing interest in =
school-age=20
children who stutter. Research has dealt with temperament,(Nicholas, =
Yairi,=20
Davis, Mangeldorf, Cook &amp; Hamilton, 2006) with children's attitudes =
towards=20
their stuttering or speech situations, (De Nill &amp; Brutten, 1991;=20
Vanryckeghem &amp; Brutten, 1997) and even with parents' attitudes; ( =
Kigel=20
&amp; Lahat, 1987; Ramig, 1993) but seldom addressed the issue of the =
child's=20
and/or parents' coping with the stuttering phenomenon. Coping of =
families with=20
school-age children who stutter is the focus of our current =
research.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>Lazarus and Folkman (1984) =
defined coping=20
as a process in which there are "constantly changing cognitive and =
behavioral=20
efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are =
appraised=20
as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person". These may take the =
form of=20
either problem or emotion focused. </FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>Semi-structured =
questionnaires=20
</FONT><FONT face=3DTimes size=3D4>written by Prof. Katz-Bernstein and =
Dr. Subellok=20
for the German version of this research and translated into Hebrew by =
Prof.=20
Katz-Bernstein</FONT><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4> were used =
for=20
separately interviewing parents and their school-age children who =
stutter in 26=20
families. In addition </FONT><FONT face=3DTimes size=3D4>the Family =
Adaptability and=20
Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES III) first proposed by Olson, Russel =
and=20
Sprenkle (1983) </FONT><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>were used =
for=20
evaluation of family and couple cohesion and adaptability. </FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>Data was analyzed both =
qualitatively by=20
finding categories of themes in the answers to the interviews, and=20
quantitatively by finding frequencies of occurrence and statistical =
relationship=20
between qualitative categories.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>Results show that most of the =
parents=20
demonstrated positive change in their attitude towards stuttering =
through the=20
years. Stuttering frequency reports of children and parents were highly=20
correlated but did not relate to change of attitudes.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>This change of attitude was =
significantly=20
related to couple cohesion, reported spouse support and reappraisal. =
There were=20
significant gender differences in using strategies of coping: fathers =
used=20
significantly more feelings suppression while mothers preferred more =
external=20
support and reappraisal. The percentage of positive change towards =
stuttering=20
was significantly lowered by despair and guilt feelings </FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>Parents' self-appraisal of =
coping reports=20
were also related to couple cohesion: parents who expressed pain scored=20
significantly lower on couple cohesion than parents who scored =
ambivalence or=20
acceptance to different degrees.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>In addition, couple and =
family cohesion=20
were related to the child's easy speech at home and to the parents'=20
acknowledgement of the child's advantages, respectively. The dominating =
coping=20
strategy used by children was avoidance which was found to be indirectly =

reinforced by their parents.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>Children who used avoidance =
were all=20
reported as socially adaptive by their parents significantly more than =
children=20
who did not.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>Former stuttering in close =
family made it=20
significantly harder for mothers to accept the possibility that =
stuttering=20
wouldn't disappear but did not affect the fathers' =
acceptance.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" size=3D4>These results and more are =
discussed in=20
detail with regard to the process of coping with stuttering of parents =
and=20
school-age children and its implications towards speech therapy.=20
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