\chapter{Experiment II }\label{kapitel:ExperimentII}

\section{Introduction: Aims and Hypotheses}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Methods}

\subsection{Participants}

24 normal sighted right-handed participants (12 male, 12 female) were recruted for this experiment. 21 of them were college students, two were performing civilian services and one was a consultant. Mean age was 24 yrs (SD 3.34 yrs, range: 19-31 yrs).
They received 15 euro or class credit for taking part in the study. \\


\subsection{Apparatus}
\ref{ApparatusEWAT2}
Some changes were made concerning the technical equipment of the second experiment. Instead of a flat screen, a 17 inch CRT monitor (Iiyama) with a refreshing rate of 60 Hz and a resolution of 1280 x 1024 pixel was used to present the stimuli. Participants worked on a 18 x 12 inch writing pad (WACOM Intuos) with a resolution of 2540 lines per inch. The setup was exactly as described in experiment I (see chapter \ref{AufbauEWAT1}).

\subsection{Task and procedure}

Procedure was closely adopted from experiment I. Again, the experiment started with an introduction that was presented on the monitor. As for group ``Explicit knowledge'' in experiment I the introduction explained that a change of transformation would occur during some trials and that participants would need to adapt their movements to succeed in drawing circles with constant size on the computer screen. Again the ratio of length on the writing pad to length on the screen was changed from 1:1 to 1:1.2 during trials with change in transformation. Participants were also told that a change of cursor colour to red signaled the change of transformation during the trial.\\
After the instruction phase participants completed the training phase, which was proceeded exactly as in experiment I (see chapter \ref{ProcedureEWAT1}).\\
Test phase was also closely adopted from the first experiment. Some changes were made concerning the background colour (now a light grey) and the colour of the cursor (blue instead of white). While synchronisation phase consisted of five standard circles again, continuation phase lasted eight or nine standard circles. The first three participants of this experiment only completed eight circles. To stabilize computation of mean values, continuation phase was prolongued to nine standard circles from fourth participant on. Again, trials only differed in course of the continuation phase. In this experiment, four types of trial were analyzed. Figure \ref{AblaufTrialEWAT2} summarizes the course of each trial and gives an overview of the four possible types of trial. In section \ref{TypesEWAT2} these four trial types are characterized.


\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=14.6cm]{kapitel/graphiken/AblaufTrialEWAT2.pdf}
\caption{Procedure of each trial. After starting the trial by
moving the cursor to the starting position, synchronisation phase
is started. After following the turquoise dot for five circles,
continuation phase starts. In this phase changes in transformation
are applied in trials with transformation changes. Trials with change in transformation are highlighted in blue (change is denoted by colour change of cursor) and light blue (change is not denoted). Trials without change in transformation are highlighted in red (no change, no colour change of cursor) and light red (no change, but colour change of cursor)}.
\label{AblaufTrialEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Types of trials}
\label{TypesEWAT2}

To investigate the influence of change of transformation and colour change of the cursor indicating this change separately, four types of experimental trial were applied in this second experiment. As table \ref{TrialtypenEWAT2} shows, condition ``All change'' represents trials where change in transformation is applied and marked by a change of the cursor colour from blue to red and is similar to the change trials in experiment I. ``Colour change only'' trials are those trials where no change in transformation occurs, but the colour of cursor is changed during continuation phase so that participants get the impression that a change in transformation occurs, although this is not the case. In condition ``Transformation change only'', all trials with occurance of change in transformation without colour change of the cursor are included. The fourth condition ``No change'' represents all trials where neither change in transformation nor colour change of cursor occurs. This condition is comparable to no change trials from experiment I.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Four types of trial used in experiment II.}
\begin{small}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular} {|c||c||c|}
 \hline
 & {\bf Change} &  {\bf No change}\\
 &\bf in transformation& \bf in transformation\\
 \hline\hline
  \bf Colour change& &\\
\bf of cursor& \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{All change }&  \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{Colour change only} \\
 \hline\hline
 \bf No colour change&& \\
 \bf of cursor&\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{Transformation change only} &\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{No change}\\
  \hline
 \end{tabular}
\label{TrialtypenEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{small}
\end{table}

\subsection{Application of change in transformation}

\subsubsection{Trials with change in transformation}

In both types of trial with change in transformation, change in transformation was applied by using the same procedure as described in experiment I (see chapter \ref{ChangeTrialsEWAT1}). Gain factors were computed for a change in transformation of 20 percent, resulting in a ratio of 1:1.2 between lengths produced on the writing pad and lengths presented in the monitor. Figure \ref{OnsetEWAT2} shows variation in onset of change in transformation. To assure a more stable computation of mean values for each phase of the trial, phases before, during and after change in transformation were prolongued compared to experiment I. Onset varied in 0.2 steps between two and 2.8 standard circles in continuation phase. Ascent of gain always took one circle. Another two circles were drawn when maximum gain factor was reached. After one standard circle for the completion of the descent of gain, at least 1.2 and at most three standard circles were completed after change in transformation.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=14.6cm]{kapitel/graphiken/OnsetEWAT2.pdf}
\caption{Variation in onset of change in transformation and duration of each phase of the trial (in standard circles).}
\label{OnsetEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


In ``All change'' trials cursor colour changed at the moment of onset of change from blue to red and was changed back to blue when gain factor g(t) had descended back to one. In ``Transformation change only'' trials the same change in transformation occured, but without visualisation via colour change of cursor.

\subsubsection{Trials without change in transformation}

Again all trials without change in transformation were matched to trials with change in
transformation according to the onset of change in transformation to be able to compare 
trials with and without changes in transformation. So there were always four trials (one of each type) with the same onset of change. To compute dependent variables over the course of time for no-change trials the values of gain change at each point of time for the paired trials with change in transformation were used to divide trials without change in transformation
into the five phases. In ``Colour change only'' trials, cursor colour was changed after the point of time was reached when onset of change in transformation would have been in trials with change in transformation.

\subsection{Design}

In contrast to experiment I, five test blocks with 20 trials each had to be accomplished. In every block, there were five trials of each type. The order of trials as well as the onset of change in transformation were permuted for all participant in each block. 


\subsection{Analysis of data}
\subsubsection{Determination of the dependent variable ``Radius''}

Radius was computed as described for experiment I (see section \ref{RadiusBeschreibenEWAT1}). Again, only mean values of radius before, during and after change in transformation were analysed.

\subsubsection{Determination of invalid segments, trials and participants}

Criteria to exclude trials from analysis were similar to those used in the first experiment (see chapter \ref{InvalidEWAT1}). Every first and last segment of each trial was excluded from analysis as well as very short segments (less than 15 values), segments with a mean radius of more than 30 cm or a tangetial velocity of less than five seconds. Again, a trial was categorized as invalid when there were less than six valid segments in phases ``Before change in tranformation'' or ``During change in transformation'' or if there were less than three (for the first three participants) or less than seven (for the other participants) valid segments in phase ``After change in transformation''. If only one of the three mean values was not computable in a trial, this trial was excluded.\\
Due to a small size of only five trials in each condition for each block, restrictions to exclude participants from analysis were changed compared to the terms in the first experiment. If more than three trials of one type were invalid in one block, mean values could not be computed reliably and the participant had to be excluded from further analyses.


\subsubsection{Analysis of radius}

Again, mean values of radius for phases before, during and after change in transformation were calculated for each participant in blocks two to five. Data from block 1 was not analysed in this experiment to assure that participants were used to the experimental procedure. A 4 x 4 x 3 repeated measures ANOVA was computed with the within-factors Block (2-5), Type of trial (All change, Transformation change only, Colour change only, No change) and Phase (Before, During and After change in transformation). See figure \ref{DesignEWAT2} for the ANOVA design.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=10cm]{kapitel/graphiken/DesignEWAT2.pdf}
\caption{ANOVA design for the analysis of radius.}
\label{DesignEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}


\subsubsection{Interview}

After the test phase, all participants were interrogated concerning a possible awareness of processes that deviated from information that they had received during the introduction. The first question was, whether they had experienced anything unusual during the test phase. Furthermore, they were asked if change of transformation had been perceptable and whether they think that they had become aware of these changes if it had not been marked by the colour change of the cursor. Other questions were whether marking the change of transformation by colour change helped to adapt their movements and to what extent they relied on the colour change as a marker for change in transformation. Finally, they were informed about the two types of trial that were inconsistent with the introduction (``Transformation change only'' and ``Colour change only'') and asked whether they had become aware of the existence of these trials. See appendix \ref{FragebogenEWAT2} for a detailled presentation of the interview.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\section{Results}
\subsection{Data Analysis and excluded data}
\label{ExcludedEWAT2}

Again, data was filtered using a Butterworth filter ($4^{th}$ degree) and a Nyquist frequency of 2.5 Hz. \\
Five participants (three female, two male) had to be excluded from further analyses due to a large amount of invalid trials (see chapter \ref{ExcludedEWAT2}). Altogether, nine female and ten male participants (mean age 23.9 yrs, SD 3.38 yrs, range: 19-31 yrs) were able to complete the task correctly and are therefore representing the experimental group. The number of invalid trials of the remaining 19 participants was analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA with the factors Block (1-5) and Type of trial (All change, Transformation change only, Colour change only, No change). Results showed no significant differences in factors Block and Type of trial for the number of invalid trials.

%\begin{table}[htbp]
%\caption{Mean values and standard deviations (in brackets) of number of invalid trials for both types of trial in each block.}
%\begin{small}
%\begin{center}
%\begin{tabular} {|c||c||d{2.2} d{1.2}|}
% \hline
%  &  &  \multicolumn{2}{c|}{\bf Number of }\\
% \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf{Type of trial}}&\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf{Block}}&\multicolumn{2}{c|}{\bf{invalid trials}}\\
% \hline\hline
% & &1.50 &( .97)\\
% &\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{1} &1.10 &( .74)\\
%  \cline{2-5}&&1.10 &( .99)\\
%  \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{Change trials}&\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{2}& 1.20 &( .92)\\
%   \cline{2-5}&& 1.20 &(1.22)\\
%  &\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{3}& 1.10& (1.10)\\
%  \hline \hline
%  && 1.70 &(1.06)\\
%  &\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{1} & 1.20& (1.14)\\
%   \cline{2-5}&& 1.50 &( .85)\\
%   \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{No change trials}&\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{2} & 1.00& (1.05)\\
%   \cline{2-5}&& 1.40& ( .70)\\
%  &\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{3} & 1.40 &(1.08)\\
%  \hline
%\end{tabular}
%\label{EntfernteTrialsEWAT2}
%\end{center}
%\end{small}
%\end{table}


\subsection{Movement time}

Mean time to draw one circle in the training phase was 1.65 secs (SD .23 secs, range:$1.33-2.30$ secs). Participants needed between 11.67 and 18.40 secs (mean duration time: 14.35 secs, SD 2.00 secs) to complete the continuation phase of each trial.

\subsection{Awareness of change}

The interrogation after the test phase had finished revealed that seven participants had become at least partially aware that the information given in the instruction phase was not always correct. They all claimed that they had experienced something unusual during the trial. Five of them stated, that in some trials no change in transformation occured although the cursor colour was changed. One person said that there were trials with change in transformation that had not been marked by a change of cursor colour.

\subsection{Radius}

At first, changes of radius over phases will be analysed for all participants. In a second step, only persons without awareness of incongruencies in given information will be considered and compared to results of the first analysis.

\subsubsection{Analyses of radius including all participants}
\label{AnalyseRadius1}
ANOVA resulted in a significant main effect of Type of trial $(F_{(3,54)}=22.45, p<.001)$ and Phase $(F_{(2,36)}=98.55, p<.01)$ as well as a significant interaction effect of Type of trial x Phase $(F_{(6,108)}=25.97, p<.001)$. As can be seen in figure \ref{METrialEWAT2} main effect of Type of trial revealed that mean values of radius for all phases were smallest in All change trials (mean radius: 4.32 cm) and largest in No change trials (mean radius: 4.65 cm). Radiuses in Transformation only trials (mean radius: 4.52 cm) and Colour change only trials (mean radius: 4.48 cm) were found to be gathering between the two extreme categories. Main effect of Phase showed a decrease of radius during change in transformation (mean radius: 4.24 cm) in comparison to radiuses before (mean radius: 4.77 cm) and after change in transformation (mean radius: 4.48 cm).


\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{kapitel/graphiken/METrialEWAT2.pdf}
\caption{The significant main effect Type of trial is shown. Mean radius of drawn circles (in cm) for all four types of trial are displayed.}
\label{METrialEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The significant interaction effect of Type of trial x Phase is displayed in figure \ref{IETrialPhaseEWAT2}. While adaptation of radius during change of transformation is largest in All change trials (mean radius: 3.83 cm) and smallest in No change trials (mean radius: 4.62 cm), mean radiuses of Transformation only trials (mean radius: 4.27 cm) and Colour change only trials (mean radius: 4.24 cm) are similar to each other.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=14.6cm]{kapitel/graphiken/IETrialPhaseEWAT2.pdf}
\caption{The significant interaction effect Type of trial x Phase is shown. Mean radius of drawn circles (in cm) for all four types of trial in every phase of trial are displayed.}
\label{IETrialPhaseEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Contrasts computed for the size of radius in all phases in Transformation only trials and Colour change only trials revealed no significant differences between those two types of trial $(F_{(1,18)}=.06, p>.10)$. Transformation change only trials $(F_{(1,18)}=18.68, p<.001)$ as well as Colour change only trials  $(F_{(1,18)}=128.11, p<.001)$ differed significantly from All change trials in the course of radius over all phases. Both types of trial also differed significantly from No change trials (Transformation change only: $F_{(1,18)}=335.20, p<.001$, Colour change only: $F_{(1,18)}=16.56, p<.001$). All change trials differed significantly from No change trials $(F_{(1,18)}=79.61, p<.001)$. Comparisons of mean radiuses before and after change in transformation showed that these values differ significantly in All change trials $(F_{(1,18)}=46.03, p<.001)$, Transformation change only trials $(F_{(1,18)}=67.10, p<.001)$, Colour change only trials $(F_{(1,18)}=34.24, p<.001)$ as well as in No change trials $(F_{(1,18)}=50.62, p<.001)$. Table \ref{MWErgebnisse1EWAT2} summarizes mean values for each type of trial in every phase.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Mean values of radius (in cm) for all types of trial in each phase.}
\begin{small}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular} {|c||c||c||c||c|}
 \hline
& {\bf All }& \bf Transformation &\bf Colour &\bf No \\
  \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf Phase} & \bf change&\bf change only&\bf change only&\bf change\\
 \hline\hline
 Before change&4.77&4.78&4.77&4.75  \\
 \hline\hline
During change&3.83&4.27&4.24&4.62 \\
\hline\hline
After change&4.36&4.53&4.44&4.60\\
      \hline 
   
\end{tabular}
\label{MWErgebnisse1EWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{small}
\end{table}


Again, difference values were computed to be able to draw conclusions on the amount of adaptation to the existent or non-existend amount of change in transformation. Again a linear decrease over the course of trial concerning the radius of drawn circles could be found in the data. The decrease of radius was -.13 cm for the time from before to during change in transformation and -.02 cm from during to after change in transformation. Over all phases, a linear decrease in radius by -.15 cm. These values will be subtraced from each difference value in the three change conditions between the three phases. Difference values and amount of adaptation of radius for each type of trial for the change between during and before, after and during as well as after and before change in transformation are displayed in table \ref {Differenzen1EWAT2}. While participants reduced radius by .81 cm (17 percent of initial radius) in All change trials, reduction was only .38 cm (eight percent of intial radius) in Transformation change only trials and .40 cm (also eight percent of initial radius) in Colour change only trials. In none of the trials participants were able to increase radius after change in transformation to the size before change of transformation was applied. In All change trials radius after change was five percent smaller than before the change, while in Colour change trials radius was decreased by four percent. In Transformation change only trials, difference between radius before and after change in transformation was smallest (only two percent).

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Difference values and amount of adaptation of radius (in cm) between all phases for All change, Transformation change only and Colour change only (in cm). Amount of adaptation takes into account the linear decrease over phases that was found in No change trials.}
\begin{small}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular} {|c||c||d{4.2}||d{4.2}|}
 \hline
	& 																		& \multicolumn{1}{c||}{\bf Difference }			& \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Adaptation}\\
\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf Type of trial}			& \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf Phases}& \multicolumn{1}{c||}{\bf between phases}  & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf of radius}\\
 \hline \hline
&During-Before&$-.94$&$-.81$\\
 All change&After-During&$.53$&$.55$\\
 &After-Before&$-.41$&$-.26$\\
 \hline \hline
 &During-Before&$-.51$&$-.38$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{Transformation change}&After-During&$.26$&$.28$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{only}&After-Before&$-.25$&$-.10$\\
 \hline \hline
 &During-Before&$-.51$&$-.40$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{Colour change}&After-During&$.20$&$.22$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{only}&After-Before&$-.33$&$-.18$\\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Differenzen1EWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{small}
\end{table}


\subsubsection{Analyses of radius including only participants without awareness of false introduction}

The same ANOVA as described in section \ref{AnalyseRadius1} was computed for only the twelve participants without awareness of false introduction. Results were similar to the analysis of all participants. Main effects of Type of trial $(F_{(3,33)}=16.54, p<.001)$ and Phase $(F_{(2,22)}=78.48, p<.001)$ as well as the interaction effect of Type of trial x Phase $(F_{(6,66)}=17.18, p<.001)$ were found to be significant. As displayed in figure \ref{METrial2EWAT2}, main effect of Type of trial showed that size of radius was smallest in All change trials (mean radius: 4.41 cm) and largest in No change trials (mean radius: 4.76 cm), while mean radius in Transformation change only trials (4.61 cm) and in Colour change only trials (4.55 cm) lay between No change and All change trials.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=12cm]{kapitel/graphiken/METrial2EWAT2.pdf}
\caption{The significant main effect Type of trial is shown. Mean radius of drawn circles (in cm) for all four types of trial are displayed.}
\label{METrial2EWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Looking at the interaction effect Type of trial x Phase (see figure \ref{IETrialPhase2EWAT}, differences in the course of radius size over all phases can be compared. As it could be found in data for all participants, adaptation during change in transformation was largest in All change trials (mean radius: 3.89 cm) and smallest in No change trials (mean radius: 4.70 cm). Again, radiuses in Transformation only trials (mean radius: 4.33 cm) and Colour change only trials (mean radius: 4.29 cm) gathered between All change and No change trials and were about the same size.


\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=14.6cm]{kapitel/graphiken/IETrialPhase2EWAT2.pdf}
\caption{The significant interaction effect Type of trial x Phase is shown. Mean radius of drawn circles (in cm) for all four types of trial in every phase of trial are displayed.}
\label{IETrialPhaseEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Once more, contrasts were computed for the size of radius in all phases in Transformation only trials and Colour change only trials. As before, no significant differences between those two types of trial $(F_{(1,11)}=.07, p>.10)$ were found. Transformation change only trials $(F_{(1,11)}=11.29, p<.01)$ as well as Colour change only trials  $(F_{(1,11)}=104.50, p<.001)$ differed significantly from All change trials in the course of radius over all phases. Both types of trial also differed significantly from No change trials (Transformation change only: $F_{(1,11)}=231.00, p<.001$, Colour change only: $F_{(1,11)}=8.49, p<.05$). All change trials differed significantly from No change trials $(F_{(1,11)}=43.76, p<.001)$. Mean radiuses before and after change in transformation differed significantly in All change trials $(F_{(1,11)}=63.24, p<.001)$, Transformation change only trials $(F_{(1,11)}=48.85, p<.001)$, Colour change only trials $(F_{(1,11)}=31.19, p<.001)$ as well as in No change trials $(F_{(1,11)}=40.33, p<.001)$. Table \ref{MW2Ergebnisse1EWAT2} summarizes mean values for each type of trial in every phase for this analysis.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Mean values of radius (in cm) for all types of trial in each phase.}
\begin{small}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular} {|c||c||c||c||c|}
 \hline
& {\bf All }& \bf Transformation &\bf Colour &\bf No \\
  \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf Phase} & \bf change&\bf change only&\bf change only&\bf change\\
 \hline\hline
 Before change&4.88&4.89&4.85&4.87 \\
 \hline\hline
During change&3.89&4.33&4.29&4.70 \\
\hline\hline
After change&4.48&4.62&4.53&4.70\\
      \hline 
   
\end{tabular}
\label{MW2Ergebnisse1EWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{small}
\end{table}


Once more, difference values were computed to compare increase or decrease of radius between the three phases.
The linear decrease over the course of no change trials concerning the radius of drawn circles was also found in this analysis. Radius decreased by -.17 cm for the time from before to during change in transformation and did not change after change in transformation was over. Once again, this negative linear trend will be taken account for when amount of adaptation of radius for each type of trial for the change between during and before, after and during as well as after and before change in transformation (see table \ref {Differenzen2EWAT2}. Reduction of radius during change in transformation was .82 cm (17 percent of initial radius) in All change trials. In Transformation only trials and colour only trials radius was reduced by .39 percent (each eight percent of initial radius). Again, participants were not able to regain the radius of circles from before change in transformation after change in transformation. While radius after change in transformation deviated most from radius before change with a deviation of -.26 cm (five percent of initial radius) in All change trials, difference was smallest in Transformation only trials (-.10 cm or two percent). In Colour change only trials the difference was -.15 cm (three percent of initial radius).

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Difference values and amount of adaptation of radius (in cm) between all phases for All change, Transformation change only and Colour change only (in cm). Amount of adaptation takes into account the linear decrease over phases that was found in No change trials.}
\begin{small}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular} {|c||c||d{4.2}||d{4.2}|}
 \hline
	& 																		& \multicolumn{1}{c||}{\bf Difference }			& \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf Adaptation}\\
\raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf Type of trial}			& \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{\bf Phases}& \multicolumn{1}{c||}{\bf between phases}  & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\bf of radius}\\
 \hline \hline
&During-Before&$-.99$&$-.82$\\
 All change&After-During&$.59$&$.59$\\
 &After-Before&$-.40$&$-.23$\\
 \hline \hline
 &During-Before&$-.56$&$-.39$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{Transformation change}&After-During&$.29$&$.29$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{only}&After-Before&$-.27$&$-.10$\\
 \hline \hline
 &During-Before&$-.56$&$-.39$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{Colour change}&After-During&$.24$&$.24$\\
 \raisebox{1.5ex}[-1.5ex]{only}&After-Before&$-.32$&$-.15$\\
 \hline
\end{tabular}
\label{Differenzen2EWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{small}
\end{table}


In the last part of this sector participants that had become aware of false information in the instruction (n=7) will be directly compared to those that had not become aware of deviating trials (n=12). For this purpose a 2 x 4 x 4 x 3 repeated measures ANOVA with the between-factor Awareness (aware, not aware) and the within-factors Block (2-4), Type of trial (All change, Transformation only change, Colour change only, No change) and Phase (Before, During and After change in transformation) was executed. There was neighter a significant main effect of Awareness nor any significant interaction effect involving Awareness. Figure \ref{AwarenessEWAT2} shows radiuses for both groups in all phases of each type of trial. Although  participants that had become aware drew smaller circles than the other group in all kinds of trial, there were no qualitative differences in adaptations of radius during each type of trial. 

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=14.6cm]{kapitel/graphiken/AwarenessEWAT2.pdf}
\caption{Comparison of participants with (orange) and without (green) awareness of false information in the introduction for all four types of trial.}
\label{AwarenessEWAT2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\section{Discussion}

\subsection{Summary of Results}

\subsection{Interpretation of Results}

\subsection{Suggestions for future studies}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
