Eldorado Collection:http://hdl.handle.net/2003/265672024-03-28T22:46:02Z2024-03-28T22:46:02ZAnalysing factors influencing land use planning for sustainable land resource management in Vietnam: a case study of Dan Phuong district in Hanoi cityTrong, Phuong TranDuc, Vien TranTruong, Son CaoThanh, Thuy DoanHuu, Duong NongScholz, Wolfganghttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/422502023-12-22T23:14:47Z2023-12-05T00:00:00ZTitle: Analysing factors influencing land use planning for sustainable land resource management in Vietnam: a case study of Dan Phuong district in Hanoi city
Authors: Trong, Phuong Tran; Duc, Vien Tran; Truong, Son Cao; Thanh, Thuy Doan; Huu, Duong Nong; Scholz, Wolfgang
Abstract: Land use planning is an important task for every country in the world to ensure the sustainable use of land resources for economic and social development activities. However, many land use plans have not achieved their desired effectiveness due to a lack of consideration and evaluation of factors affecting the land use planning implementation process. This study was conducted to answer the following question: what are the main factors influencing the land use planning process in Vietnam? In this study, we use multivariate regression to identify the main factors influencing land use planning in Vietnam, including the economic factor group; institutional and policy factor group; urbanisation factor group; planning factor group; social factor group; environmental factor group; and organisational and implementation factor group. The results identified five groups of factors influencing land use planning in the Dan Phuong district through the influencing factor analysis method, including policy (Po), economy (Ec), society (So), environment (En), and others (Ot). In addition, the linear regression model obtained for land use planning in Dan Phuong district is as follows: land use planning = 0.408Po + 0.454Ec + 0.398So + 0.368En + 0.259Ot. In which the group of factors with the strongest influence was the Eco factors (β = 0.454), the second was the Po factors (β = 0.408), the third was the So factors (β = 0.398), the fourth was the En factors (β = 0.368), and lastly, there were the Ot factors (β = 0.259). The results of the analysis were used to plan land use effectively and according to local conditions. This can help managers to find solutions for the sustainable use of land resources in the future.2023-12-05T00:00:00ZImplementation of risk-based approaches in urban land use planning - the example of the city of Erftstadt, GermanyGreiving, StefanKruse, PhilipOthmer, FelixFleischhauer, MarkFuchs, Marisahttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/422252023-12-12T23:13:52Z2023-10-26T00:00:00ZTitle: Implementation of risk-based approaches in urban land use planning - the example of the city of Erftstadt, Germany
Authors: Greiving, Stefan; Kruse, Philip; Othmer, Felix; Fleischhauer, Mark; Fuchs, Marisa
Abstract: This article presents the testing of the principle of risk-based planning using the example of the city of Erftstadt, Germany, which was affected by the devastating flood of 2021. The basis of this article was a simulated land use plan approval procedure for a flood-prone site in the urban district of Erftstadt-Liblar. In the contributions, the contents of the environmental report relating to effects to be expected for disasters as well as designations of a risk-based flood-proofed land use plan are presented. As a result of the gaming simulation, the hazard zone plan proves to be a suitable instrument for operationalizing the consideration of flood prevention in risk-prone areas. The simulation also provides evidence that it is possible to implement a risk-based approach within the current legal planning framework in Germany that is laid down by the Federal Building Code (BauGB). Innovative elements are the considerations of the protection worthiness of different types of infrastructures by spatially and contextually differentiated designations. The hazard zone concept, as such, and the findings of the gaming simulation will be used by the state planning authority for an amendment of the regional plan of North-Rhine Westphalia and will therefore be mandatory for the land use planning of all municipalities.2023-10-26T00:00:00ZHandlungsleitfaden zur Entwicklung von klimawandelangepassten Industrie- und GewerbegebietenAbromeit, HenrikeChristian, TilmanErnst, HelgeFuchs, MarisaGreiving, StefanKeulen, JacquelineSchmitt, Jörg PeterVielhauer, Lea Sophiehttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/410492022-08-25T22:13:42Z2021-09-30T00:00:00ZTitle: Handlungsleitfaden zur Entwicklung von klimawandelangepassten Industrie- und Gewerbegebieten
Authors: Abromeit, Henrike; Christian, Tilman; Ernst, Helge; Fuchs, Marisa; Greiving, Stefan; Keulen, Jacqueline; Schmitt, Jörg Peter; Vielhauer, Lea Sophie
Abstract: Dieser Leitfaden bündelt Informationsgrundlagen, Kernerkenntnisse, mögliche Vorgehensweisen und Praxistipps aus dem Projekt KlimaWaGe, die dabei helfen sollen, eine Grundlage für Projekte der Bestands- und Neuentwicklung sowie Umplanung von klimawandelangepassten Industrie- und Gewerbegebieten in deutschen Kommunen zu schaffen. Der Fokus liegt dabei einerseits auf methodischen Empfehlungen zur Ermittlung von Klimawandelfolgen in Industrie- und Gewerbegebieten und andererseits auf übertragbaren Maßnahmen für deren Entwicklung. Dabei wird teilweise zwischen Neuentwicklung, Umbau und Bestandsentwicklung unterschieden.
Der Leitfaden richtet sich in erster Linie an Akteur*innen in deutschen Städten und Gemeinden sowie in der Forschung und Planung, denn ihnen kommt eine bedeutende Rolle in der Klimaanpassung zu. Er soll Anreiz sein für Anpassungsmaßnahmen zur KIG-Entwicklung und Hilfestellung, diese als sektorübergreifende Prozesse zu verstehen. Im Sinne einer besseren Verständlichkeit und Übertragbarkeit werden konkrete Erkenntnisse aus dem Leuchtturmvorhaben in der Stadt Bottrop beispielhaft vorgestellt und mit allgemeinen Betrachtungen verknüpft.2021-09-30T00:00:00ZInformal settlement resilience upgrading-approaches and applications from a cross-country perspective in three selected metropolitan regions of Southeast AsiaDu, JuanGreiving, StefanYap, David Leonides T.http://hdl.handle.net/2003/410232022-08-08T22:13:44Z2022-07-22T00:00:00ZTitle: Informal settlement resilience upgrading-approaches and applications from a cross-country perspective in three selected metropolitan regions of Southeast Asia
Authors: Du, Juan; Greiving, Stefan; Yap, David Leonides T.
Abstract: Managing climate change is synonymous to managing cities and their growth. To shoulder the challenge of climate change adaptation, informal settlement upgrading in the global south has amounted to the importance of being attuned with the growth of its city and region at large. Changing the paradigm of on-site upgrading to being community-driven and city-led with domestic funding unlocks potentials for community resilience building, especially in countries that strive for inclusive growth. This research looks into informal settlement development dynamics and its resilience stance in conjunction of the metropolitan growth in three Southeast Asian countries. Greater Manila Area, Bangkok Metropolitan Region and Hanoi Capital Region serve as the backdrop for this investigation. The research mainly addresses informal settlement upgrading roles, mechanism and approaches for resilience building in these three metropolises, meanwhile also unveiling their city-regional development needs. The methodological approach of this study is highly participatory, demonstrating a hybrid of multi-spectrum stakeholder workshops, online surveys (due to COVID), expert interviews, project interim reports and correspondence with the local expert team in the three countries, etc. The paper attempts at providing a cross-country appraisal of the central strategies of informal settlement upgrading, related institutional constellations and upgrading applications along with the three metropolises’ urban development. This attempt accentuates the pressing needs of mitigating multi-facet vulnerability of informal communities, who are the most adversely affected by climate change and rampant urbanization. Further, this research will also reveal the mindset change of how decision-makers and the public contemplate upgrading objectives, e.g., recasting secure tenure instruments.2022-07-22T00:00:00ZPotential impact assessment of climate-related hazards on urban public health services: interaction of changing climate-related hazards and urban development in the future, Khon Kaen City, ThailandPuntub, Wiriyahttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/409032022-05-12T22:13:32Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Potential impact assessment of climate-related hazards on urban public health services: interaction of changing climate-related hazards and urban development in the future, Khon Kaen City, Thailand
Authors: Puntub, Wiriya
Abstract: Current understanding of the interactions between the future urban development change and climate change in the local context, considering infrastructure operation & functionality, is still primitive, especially in public health services. This study offers a climate-resilient operationalization framework for urban public health services considering the interaction between urban development change and climate change across scales, the so-called Health Integrative Climate Resilience and Adaptation Future (HICRAF). HICRAF integrates collaborative scenario planning and composite indicators developed based on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) 's climate risk concept. It combines a mixed-methods approach of quantitative and qualitative techniques and demonstrates how different methods and scales (spatial and temporal) can be linked and create new knowledge on cascading risk patterns in a medium-sized city with a universal health care coverage setting; Khon Kaen city, Thailand. The results show that the approach allows local public health care to operationalize their potential impact and climate-resilient targets in a forward-looking manner with multiple service operation aspects. The scenario assessment outcomes prove that public health devotions can help their operation and functionality fail-safe when confronting future climatic and non-climatic challenges. However, achieving climate-resilient targets requires sectoral integration with urban development and health determining domains. Hence, more integrated spatial planning of public health services and critically revisiting conventional cost-benefit assessments on public health infrastructure investment are key entry points for creating climate-resilient urban health services. In addition to addressing missing links between global climate trajectories and local climate adaptation scenarios that involved stakeholders' normative judgements and cross-sectoral interests. HICRAF highlights a clear constraint of applying a purely place-based concept on climate vulnerability/risk assessment in reflecting the realities of network operation and functionality of urban systems. Thus, the co-existing paradox between the place-based and network-based concepts should be investigated further in climate vulnerability/risk assessment studies. Furthermore, exploration and disputation of HICRAF and its composite indicators with a wider scale and diversified settings are invited to enhance its robustness and universality.2021-01-01T00:00:00ZAdvanced operationalization framework for climate-resilient urban public health care servicesPuntub, WiriyaGreiving, Stefanhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/407222022-02-17T23:13:31Z2022-01-24T00:00:00ZTitle: Advanced operationalization framework for climate-resilient urban public health care services
Authors: Puntub, Wiriya; Greiving, Stefan
Abstract: Conventional local public health planning and monitoring are insufficiently addressing the conjugated impact of urban development change and climate change in the future. The existing checklist and index often ignore the spatial-network interaction determining urban public health services in forward-looking aspects. This study offers and demonstrates a climate-resilient operationalization framework for urban public health services considering the interaction between urban development change and climate change across scales. A combination of collaborative scenario planning and tailor-made composite indicators were applied based on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)’s climate risk concept to adhere to local realities and diverse sets of scenarios. The framework was contested in a medium-sized city with a universal health care coverage setting, Khon Kaen city, Thailand. The results show that the coupling of collaborative scenario planning and composite indicators allows local public health care to operationalize their potential impact and climate-resilient targets in the future(s) in multiple service operation aspects. The scenarios assessment outcomes prove that although public health devotion can be fail-safe, achieving climate-resilient targets requires sectoral integration with urban development and health determining domains. Further exploration and disputation of the framework with a wider scale and diversified settings are recommended to enhance their robustness and universality.2022-01-24T00:00:00ZAppropriate housing typologies, effective land management and the question of density in Muscat, OmanScholz, Wolfganghttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/405812021-12-01T23:14:03Z2021-11-18T00:00:00ZTitle: Appropriate housing typologies, effective land management and the question of density in Muscat, Oman
Authors: Scholz, Wolfgang
Abstract: The Sultanate of Oman has been undergoing massive changes in the last 50 years. The Gulf State transformed from a very traditional and isolated country into a wealthy and modern state. After Sultan Said was enthroned in 1970, the young Sultan Qaboos, who passed away in 2020, began to modernise Oman’s economy and society. Today, widespread, single-family houses are the prevailing residential building type, with an urban sprawl characterised by mono-functional zoning and a dependency on motorized individual transport with long commuting distances. All these conditions have been strongly supported by governmental planning policies. Since this urban sprawl causes unsustainable land consumption, this study addresses options for urban development and housing typologies aiming at a compact city with a higher density. However, the term density has to reflect local cultural and climatic conditions and, in time of the pandemic as special focus of this issue, has to be critically discussed and reviewed. Thus, this study identifies, as a base line study in Muscat Capital Area, Omani residents’ housing needs by an online questionnaire survey focusing on housing layouts, features and locational preferences, exploring alternatives to the current situation. Findings are that housing needs do not necessarily demand a single-family building but can be achieved better by different housing layouts, at the same time supporting social distances measures via outdoor options during the pandemic.2021-11-18T00:00:00ZComparing climate impact assessments for rural adaptation planning in Germany and the NetherlandsWright, JulianeFlacke, JohannesSchmitt, Jörg PeterSchultze, JürgenGreiving, Stefanhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/404772021-08-19T22:13:41Z2021-08-19T00:00:00ZTitle: Comparing climate impact assessments for rural adaptation planning in Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Wright, Juliane; Flacke, Johannes; Schmitt, Jörg Peter; Schultze, Jürgen; Greiving, Stefan
Abstract: The consensus nowadays is that there is a need to adapt to increasingly occurring climate impacts by means of adaptation plans. However, only a minority of European cities has an approved climate adaptation plan by now. To support stakeholder dialogue and decision-making processes in climate adaptation planning, a detailed spatial information and evidence base in terms of a climate impact assessment is needed. This article aims to compare the climate impact assessment done in the context of two regional climate change adaptation planning processes in a Dutch and a German region. To do so, a comparison of guidelines and handbooks, methodological approaches, available data, and resulting maps and products is conducted. Similarities and differences between the two approaches with a particular focus on the input and output of such analysis are identified and both processes are assessed using a set of previously defined quality criteria. Both studies apply a similar conceptualisation of climate impacts and focus strongly on issues concerning their visualisation and communication. At the same time, the methods of how climate impacts are calculated and mapped are quite different. The discussion and conclusion section highlights the need to systematically consider climatic and socio-economic changes when carrying out a climate impact assessment, to focus on a strong visualisation of results for different stakeholder groups, and to link the results to planning processes and especially funding opportunities.2021-08-19T00:00:00ZUmweltgerechtigkeit in der Stadtregion RuhrFuchs, Marisahttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/39996.22021-08-04T22:13:26Z2021-08-03T00:00:00ZTitle: Umweltgerechtigkeit in der Stadtregion Ruhr
Authors: Fuchs, Marisa
Abstract: Das Konzept der Umweltgerechtigkeit (UG) bezieht sich inhaltlich auf die Beziehung zwischen der sozialen Lage einer Person, ihrer lokalen Umwelt und Gesundheit. Dabei wird die sozialräumliche Verteilung von Umweltbelastungen und -ressourcen in den Blick genommen. Somit vereint das Umweltgerechtigkeitskonzept ökologische und soziale Anforderungen an den Siedlungsraum. Anknüpfungspunkte für die Stadtplanung und -entwicklung finden sich in vielen informellen Zielsetzungen und formalen Regelwerken wieder, angefangen von den international anerkannten Sustainable Development Goals der Agenda 2030 der Vereinten Nationen bis hin zum deutschen Grundgesetz, dem Raumordnungsgesetz und dem Baugesetzbuch.
Als Informations- und Entscheidungsgrundlage ist eine (räumliche) Untersuchung der Umweltgerechtigkeit notwendig, aus der sich geeignete fachübergreifende und sektorale Strategien und Ziele, wie zum Beispiel für die Wohnraum- sowie Freiraum- und Grünflächenversorgung, ableiten lassen. Da insbesondere in der stark verflochtenen Stadtregion Ruhr Umweltbelastungen und -ressourcen über kommunale Grenzen hinweg wirken bzw. in Anspruch genommen werden, ist eine Untersuchung auf regionaler Ebene zu empfehlen, die kleinräumig genug ist, um auch kommunale Strategien ableiten zu können. Dafür sind bei der Wahl der Indikatoren und Datengrundlagen theoretische, methodische, praktische und institutionelle Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Entsprechend dieser Anforderungen schlägt dieses Papier Indikatoren und Datengrundlagen für eine Untersuchung in der Stadtregion Ruhr vor.2021-08-03T00:00:00ZSupplement zu: Was heißt hier eigentlich ‚kritisch‘?Schmitt, Hanna Christinehttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/401702021-05-04T22:13:44Z2020-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Supplement zu: Was heißt hier eigentlich ‚kritisch‘?
Authors: Schmitt, Hanna Christine2020-01-01T00:00:00ZWas heißt hier eigentlich ‚kritisch‘?Schmitt, Hanna Christinehttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/401672021-05-04T06:57:05Z2020-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Was heißt hier eigentlich ‚kritisch‘?
Authors: Schmitt, Hanna Christine
Abstract: Kritische Infrastrukturen (KRITIS) sind komplexe, hochgradig vernetzte Systeme, die aufgrund der von ihnen erbrachten Versorgungsleistungen von unerlässlicher, ‚kritischer‘ Relevanz für moderne Gesellschaften sind. Gemäß § 2 Abs. 2 Nr. 3 Satz 4 des Raumordnungsgesetzes (ROG) ist „[d]em Schutz kritischer Infrastrukturen [..] Rechnung zu tragen“, was KRITIS in ihrem funktionalen, grenz- und systemüberschreitenden Charakter zu einer Aufgabe der Raumordnung macht.
Diese Dissertation schafft eine Evidenzgrundlage zum Umgang mit KRITIS, indem Verständnis- und Operationalisierungsgrundlagen entwickelt werden, die KRITIS als komplexes System-von-Systemen (be-)greifbar machen. Dabei wird zunächst Kritikalität theoretisch erfasst, als distinktes Konzept entwickelt und die Notwendigkeit eines integrierten Kritikalitätsverständnisses argumentiert. Diese Grundlagen werden in einen Operationalisierungsansatzes überführt, der das sog. ‚Systemische Kaskadenpotenzial‘ von KRITIS-Teilsektoren (Elektrizität, Straßenverkehr, Wasserversorgung etc.) messbar macht. In der anschließenden Analyse des KRITIS-Gesamtsystems in Deutschland werden über diverse Auswertungs- und Aufbereitungsformen, bspw. Netzwerk- und Kaskadendiagramme sowie teilsektorbezogene Steckbriefe, bedarfsgerechte Verständnisgrundlagen sowie Informations- und Kommunikationsinstrumente geschaffen. Abschließend werden die Anwendungspotenziale dieser Evidenzgrundlage für unterschiedliche Akteur*innen diskutiert und gezeigt, dass über eine normative Klassifizierung des ‚Systemischen Kaskadenpotenzials‘ eine Grundlage zur Regelung und Gewichtung von KRITIS in der Raumordnung möglich wird.2020-01-01T00:00:00ZSystemic criticalityKruse, Philip M.Schmitt, Hanna C.Greiving, Stefanhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/401572021-04-15T22:13:26Z2021-03-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Systemic criticality
Authors: Kruse, Philip M.; Schmitt, Hanna C.; Greiving, Stefan
Abstract: With high certainty, extreme weather events will intensify in their impact within the next 10 years due to climate change-induced increases in hazard probability of occurrence and simultaneous increases in socio-economic vulnerability. Data from previous mega-disasters show that losses from disruptions of critical services surpass the value of direct damages in the exposed areas because critical infrastructures [CI] are increasingly (inter-) dependent. Local events may have global impacts. Systemic criticality, which describes the relevance of a critical infrastructure due to its positioning within the system, needs to be addressed to reduce the likelihood of cascading effects. This paper presents novel approaches to operationalise and assess systemic criticality. Firstly, the paper introduces systemic cascade potential as a measurement of systemic criticality. It takes the relevance of a sector and the relevance of its interdependencies into account to generate a relative value of systemic importance for a CI sector. Secondly, an exemplary sectoral assessment of the road network allows reflecting the spatial manifestation of the first level of cascading effects. It analyses the impact of traffic interruptions on the accessibility of critical facilities to point out the systemically most critical segments of the municipal road network. To further operationalise the spatial dimension of criticality, a normative assertion determining the worthiness of protection of system components is required. A nationwide spatial flood protection plan incorporates this aspect in Germany for the first time. Its formal approval process was initiated in February 2020.2021-03-01T00:00:00ZEnhancing resilience towards summer storms from a spatial planning perspectiveSchmitt, Hanna ChristineGreiving, Stefanhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/391602020-05-29T01:40:48Z2018-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Enhancing resilience towards summer storms from a spatial planning perspective
Authors: Schmitt, Hanna Christine; Greiving, Stefan
Abstract: Every year, convective extreme weather events like summer storms, hail and heavy precipitation cause enormous damages to assets, values and human lives, especially in urban areas. Although highly relevant for the field and expertise of spatial planning, so far those events are addressed rather poorly; if at all. This is mainly for two reasons: for one, convective extreme events are of ubiquitous character, meaning they have unknown probability and place of occurrence, i.e. are accompanied by great uncertainties. For another, spatial planning does not dispose of convenient concepts and instruments to address events with an intan-gible hazard component, as they are spatially not describable and therefore risk analyses presumably inapplicable. Ultimately, ubiquitous extreme weather events challenge urban disaster resilience and call for enhanced risk management approaches. This chapter discusses the strengths and limitations of spatial planning in dealing with ubiquitous extreme weather events, using the example of summer storm Ela, which devastated large parts of Western Germany in June 2014.2018-01-01T00:00:00ZHome as a place of noise control for the elderly?Riedel, NatalieKöckler, HeikeSchreiner, Joachimvan Kamp, IreneErbel, RaimundLoerbroeks, AdrianClaßen, ThomasBolte, Gabrielehttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/384272019-12-12T02:40:49Z2018-05-21T00:00:00ZTitle: Home as a place of noise control for the elderly?
Authors: Riedel, Natalie; Köckler, Heike; Schreiner, Joachim; van Kamp, Irene; Erbel, Raimund; Loerbroeks, Adrian; Claßen, Thomas; Bolte, Gabriele
Abstract: Urban residents’ need to be in control of their home environment can be constrained by perceived uncontrollability of exposure to road traffic noise. Noise annoyance may indicate a psychological stress reaction due to this uncontrollability perception, thereby undermining the restoration process. Environmental resources, such as having access to a quiet side at home and dwelling-related green, may reduce noise annoyance both directly by shielding acoustically and indirectly by enhancing residents’ perceived noise control. We assessed the potential mediating role of perceived noise control in independent and joint associations of road traffic noise exposure (>65 dB Lden) and of an absent dwelling-related environmental resource (three indicators concerning quiet sides and one indicator concerning dwelling-related green) with noise annoyance. In our cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study on elderly urban citizens (N = 1812), we observed a statistically significant indirect effect of noise exposure on noise annoyance through perceived noise control (39%, 95%CI 26–55%). Statistical mediation between indicators of absent environmental resources and noise annoyance was weaker. The potential indirect effect was confirmed for combinations of noise exposure with each of the four indicators of an absent environmental resource. Our findings may call for mitigating noise levels while fostering quietness and green at residents’ homes.2018-05-21T00:00:00ZThe use of risk information in Strategic Environmental Assessment and spatial planningPrenger-Berninghoff, Kathrinhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/362792017-12-13T02:40:49Z2016-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: The use of risk information in Strategic Environmental Assessment and spatial planning
Authors: Prenger-Berninghoff, Kathrin
Abstract: Over the past decades, mountainous areas and river valleys in Europe have frequently experienced floods and landslides. In order to reduce negative impacts, society is required to implement risk prevention measures. Decisions on where and how to develop space can significantly influence the vulnerability towards disasters. Specific risk reduction strategies and measures can be implemented at regional and local scales through spatial planning decisions. The ability to make appropriate decisions on future land-uses is supported by the access to suitable risk-related information. Results of science-based risk assessments constitute an important source of information and evidence base in spatial planning practices, especially in the form of hazard or risk maps and plans. The question is how this information is transferred into legally binding decisions at the local planning level. This is where Strategic Environmental Assessment comes in. SEA is a well-established and already existing procedural framework which promotes risk assessment and management. When integrated into the SEA process, risk assessments can be considered together with other environmental concerns within the planning process.
Despite the fact that a number of EU regulations for risk reduction provide and aim for a harmonisation of policies among EU Member States, risk reduction approaches still differ considerably in each country. Likewise, spatial planning systems develop in different political and social conditions, e.g. political systems, land ownership patterns and cultural contexts, and hence vary among European countries. Consequently, the ways in which sectoral policies formulate risk reduction strategies and the ways in which these are implemented by spatial planning authorities significantly differ across Europe. While some research projects have examined differences in risk assessment and management approaches, to date there is little clarity about what information or frameworks exactly spatial planners need to purposefully deal with risks.
The main objectives consisted in developing an understanding about different ways in which risk information is used in SEA and spatial planning and investigating good ways of dealing with disaster risk. The concept for integrating disaster risk into SEA presented in this dissertation can be used to guide the consideration of risk information during the SEA procedure. Despite the variety of planning systems, and the multitude of socio-economic conditions, the developed concept should ultimately be applicable in all EU Member States. However, due to prevailing differences in assessing and managing risks it will serve different purposes and satisfy different needs. In countries that have separate legally binding hazard or risk reduction instruments, an integration of risk aspects into SEA will support a higher acceptance of the plan, provided a greater public involvement is enabled from the beginning of the planning process. Countries that integrate non-binding risk information into local land use plans and consider and balance risk-related concerns with other interests can make use of this concept to better inform decision-making processes.2016-01-01T00:00:00ZBuilding urban resilience through spatial planning following disastersMägdefrau, Nadinehttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/362772017-12-13T14:33:37Z2016-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Building urban resilience through spatial planning following disasters
Authors: Mägdefrau, Nadine
Abstract: It is expected that the changing temperatures and rising sea levels caused through global climate change will result in an aggravation of disaster risks (e.g. from heat stress, storms, flooding, landslides, air pollution, drought and water scarcity), particularly in urban areas (IPCC, 2014). This trend is exaggerated by the continuing trend of urbanization, which is projected to result in 66% of the people worldwide to live in cities in 2050 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014, p. 1). It is an important obligation of spatial planners to facilitate that this urban development follows certain standards, including safe housing and the provision of basic utilities and infrastructure as well as adequate health services (PreventionWeb, 2015; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014).
Resilience is one of the key concepts to address these challenges. If a city is resilient, it is able to “resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions” (UNISDR, 2009, p. 24). The adjustment of existing urban structures is time-consuming and cost-intensive; therefore, a resilient city can most efficiently be achieved when it is first developed (UN-Habitat, 2015) or after a disaster has erased the previously existing city structures (Olshansky, Hopkins, & Johnson, 2012). The time frame after the disaster can be considered as a window of opportunity for planners to build the city back better or – in other words – to build a resilient city. Although the relevance of spatial planners for the construction of resilient cities is obvious, there is little knowledge of spatial planning’s capabilities to achieve this goal so far. Drawing from experiences on the reconstruction process after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011 in Japan’s Miyako City and Ishinomaki City, this dissertation addresses this topic. It explains which of the local spatial planning options can be used to build resilience and how the toolkit of spatial planners can be improved in order to be more efficient to build urban resilience. Even through these spatial planning options differ from country to country and the focus of this work on Japan only enables a limited transferability of the research results, the experiences from Tohoku Region are able to contribute to the ongoing discussion about spatial planning and urban resilience after disasters.2016-01-01T00:00:00ZKlimaanpassung in der RegionalplanungSchmitt, Hanna Christinehttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/360102017-06-30T02:00:07Z2016-02-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Klimaanpassung in der Regionalplanung
Authors: Schmitt, Hanna Christine
Abstract: Seit Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel herrscht wissenschaftlicher und planungspolitischer Konsens darüber, dass die Regionalplanung zur Implementation von Klimaanpassungsinhalten befähigt ist. Inwieweit die formelle Regionalplanung dieser Befähigung gegenwärtig nachkommt, ist zentraler Untersuchungsgegenstand dieses Artikels.
Die Analyse ist eine Vollerhebung für die Regionalplanungsgebiete Deutschlands. Deren Regionalpläne werden auf Vorhandensein und Verbindlichkeit von klimaanpassungsrelevanten Festlegungen untersucht. Das ‚Handlungskonzept der Raumordnung zu Vermeidungs-, Minderungs- und Anpassungsstrategien im Hinblick auf die räumlichen Konsequenzen des Klimawandels’ der Ministerkonferenz für Raumordnung und seine sieben klimaanpassungsbezogenen Handlungsfelder dienen als Analysegrundlage. Im Ergebnis wird der Stand der Implementation von klimaanpassungsrelevanten Regionalplaninhalten dargestellt – sowohl für jedes Handlungsfeld, als auch handlungsfeldübergreifend. Zudem werden die Ergebnisse reflektiert und weitere Anpassungspotentiale aufgezeigt.2016-02-01T00:00:00ZUnderstanding the intangibleSprague, Teresahttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/357012017-01-20T13:46:30Z2016-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Understanding the intangible
Authors: Sprague, Teresa
Abstract: The changing intensity and frequency of hydro-meteorological (interpreted roughly as "water-related ") hazards and the risk of extreme hazardous events is highly variable, riddled with uncertainty, and requires flexibility in the updating and revision of risk assessment and management strategies. These strategies must overcome challenges posed by a changing environment, and require a place-based approach for establishing an understanding of the local context for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and in trying to develop tailor-made strategies for a local, spatial context. This is particularly relevant given that how risks are handled and defined strongly depends upon this context, which is determined through physical characteristics as well as socio and cultural values. The basic premise for research presented in this dissertation is that DRR is achieved through minimizing risk governance deficits, encouraging good governance practices, and taking a place-based approach to better understand contextual factors and to be able to consequentially respond to the challenges posed by changing environments. Under this premise, a conceptual framework and an analysis tool were created to develop an understanding of "good" risk governance and how this can be operationalized and analyzed within different spatial contexts. The tool itself is based on an extensive policy analysis conducted using MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software to code and derive a category and indicator set for "good" risk governance at the EU level. This level was chosen as a common denominator for the analysis of on-the-ground practices and connects conceptual, policy, and in-practice understandings of "good" risk governance through its use in the analysis and comparison of over 100 qualitative interviews completed in four case study sites. The four cases, represented by catchment based delineations, are divided into two main cases (represented by the Barcelonnette catchment in Alpes des Haute Provence, France and Nehoiu catchment in Buzău County, Romania) and two satellite case (represented by the Fella River catchment in Friuli-Venezia-Giulia region, Italy and the Wieprzówka catchment in Małopolska, Poland). Main cases were chosen and results presented individually to demonstrate the depth of the use of the analysis tool; while the satellite in combination with the main cases were used to demonstrate the cross-case comparative potential and to amass findings through a multi-case breadth. Results reflect upon the analysis tool itself and the understanding of how different and often intangible principles of "good" risk governance can be interpreted and connected to in-practice strategies. The research concludes with recommendations for both the cases and, for the issues found in common across cases, at the EU level for future policy development in advancing the understanding and connection of risk governance to in-practice strategies and issues for local spatial contexts.2016-01-01T00:00:00ZZentralörtliche FunktionsräumeFlex, Florianhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/348902016-04-15T02:00:08Z2015-11-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Zentralörtliche Funktionsräume
Authors: Flex, Florian
Abstract: Das Zentrale-Orte-Konzept (ZOK) ist heute in allen Raumordnungsplänen und -programmen der Flächenländer in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland als Säule der Raumordnung verankert.
Gegenüber anderen raumordnerischen Konzeptionen kann es ein Theoriefundament aufweisen, was die Bekanntheit und Nachvollziehbarkeit gegenüber anderen Fachplanungen und der Politik gestärkt hat. Darüber hinaus ist das Instrument der Zentralen Orte seit dessen erster Erlassung im Jahr 1965 fester Bestandteil des Raumordnungsgesetzes (ROG).
Bereits seit längerer Zeit wird ihm insbesondere entgegengehalten, es sei als starres Ordnungsmodell mit seinem streng hierarchischen Aufbau nicht länger mit den tatsächlichen Mustern der Raumentwicklung kompatibel. Das deutsche Städtesystem zeichnet sich nicht mehr durch eine hierarchische Gliederung aus, sondern durch eine funktionsteilige Zusammenarbeit der Städte und Gemeinden, die auch im zunehmenden Maße durch funktionale Spezialisierungen von Umlandgemeinden geprägt ist. In solchen Zentrensystemen erscheint die Funktionszuweisung auf einzelne Zentrale Orte und ihnen zugehörige Versorgungsbereiche eher hinderlich für eine Gesamtentwicklung des Raumes.
Das nordrhein-westfälische ZOK etwa wurde seit dem Ende der 1970er Jahre praktisch nicht mehr an die gewaltigen Veränderungsprozesse in der Siedlungsentwicklung angepasst; die Festlegung von Mittel- und Oberbereichen wurde mit dem Landesentwicklungsplan (LEP) 1995 eingestellt.
Es wird demnach (auch) ein raumordnerischer Handlungsbedarf bei der Festlegung von Zentralen Orten in den verhältnismäßig dicht besiedelten Verdichtungsräumen angenommen, da sich die dortigen Zentrenstrukturen nicht mehr mit dem oben genannten, streng hierarchischen ZOK abbilden lassen. Anhand des Untersuchungsraumes der Planungsregion Düsseldorf untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit, ob die Strukturvariante des zentralörtlichen Funktionsraums für transkommunale Standorträume in Frage kommt und wie diese Strukturvariante konkret konzeptionell auszuformen ist.
Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Problemstellung ergibt sich folgende Hauptforschungsfrage: Wie können die empirisch feststellbaren, transkommunal ausgeprägten zentralörtlichen Standortbereiche in der landesplanerischen Praxis in ein normatives Zentrale-Orte-Konzept überführt werden?
Bezogen auf die empirische Erfassung der zentralörtlichen Standortcluster ist aufgrund der oben unterstellten Bedeutung der Hierarchiestufe nicht länger nur die Frage nach der Ermittlung der zentralörtlichen Standortcluster relevant, sondern auch, auf welchen Hierarchiestufen transkommunale Standorträume auftreten. Diese Frage soll für den Untersuchungsraum dieser Arbeit, den Planungsraum Düsseldorf, beantwortet werden.
In diesem Zusammenhang wird bei der Verwendung einer Abgrenzungsvariante entlang der Gemeindegrenze aufgrund der Einbeziehung von ganzen politischen Gemeinden ein „Hierarchieproblem“ in solchen Fällen unterstellt, wenn die gesamte Nachbargemeinde in ihrer territorialen Erstreckung Teil des zentralörtlichen Funktionsraums würde, aber nur in einem marginalen Teilbereich entsprechende Funktionscluster aufweist. In diesem Kontext kommt die Arbeit zu dem Schluss, es gelte zwei Auslöser für einen analytischen Funktionsraum (also für transkommunale Standorträume) in der Literatur zu unterscheiden. Einerseits kann dieser durch eine Verlagerung einer Einrichtung über die Gemeindegrenze (des ursprünglichen Zentralen Ortes) in eine Standortgemeinde hervorgerufen werden, die eine geringere Hierarchiestufe aufweist als das transkommunale Standortcluster. Andererseits kann damit ein Standortnetz von Einrichtungsclustern gleicher Hierarchiestufe beschrieben sein, das sich über mehrere Standortgemeinden erstreckt und gemeinsam einen Bereich versorgt.2015-11-01T00:00:00ZDer Mehrwert lokaler PartnerschaftenLückenkötter, Johanneshttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/340952015-08-12T20:09:43Z2008-01-01T00:00:00ZTitle: Der Mehrwert lokaler Partnerschaften
Authors: Lückenkötter, Johannes
Abstract: Gefördert von entsprechenden Förderprogrammen haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten in vielen ländlichen Regionen Deutschlands sogenannte lokale Partnerschaften gebildet, in denen Akteure aus unterschiedlichen Gesellschaftsbereichen gemeinsam Strategien und Projekte zur Entwicklung ihrer Region planen und umsetzen. Allerdings gibt es nur wenige über Einzelfallbeschreibungen hinausgehende und wissenschaftlich fundierte Untersuchungen über die besonderen Wirkungen von lokalen Partnerschaften.
Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde daher auf breiter theoretischer und empirischer Basis der Mehrwert des partnerschaftlichen Ansatzes im Vergleich zur herkömmlichen ländlichen Regionalförderung untersucht. Dazu wurden spezielle Konzepte und Methoden für die Untersuchung von relevanten Wirkungszusammenhängen entwickelt und im Rahmen von Fallstudien angewandt. Die Ergebnisse wurden anschließend in einer statistischen Umfrage von anderen lokalen Partnerschaften und Experten überprüft. Darauf aufbauend wurden Empfehlungen für Forschung, Politik und Praxis der ländlichen Regionalentwicklung abgeleitet.2008-01-01T00:00:00ZMetropoleVolgmann, Katihttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/301032015-08-12T19:13:51Z2013-03-20T00:00:00ZTitle: Metropole
Authors: Volgmann, Kati
Abstract: Metropole ist ein schillernder Begriff. Er verspricht Urbanität, Modernität, Kreativität, Vielfalt und ruft bestimmte Wünsche, Sehnsüchte und Weltstadtbilder hervor. Als Inbegriff des Urbanen erlebt das Diskursphänomen „Metropole“ in gesellschaftlichen, stadtpolitischen
und wissenschaftlichen Kontexten seit nunmehr zwei bis drei Jahrzehnten eine fortwährende Konjunktur. Realer Hintergrund der Metropolendiskurse sind funktionale, sozialräumliche und politische Transformationen, welche vor allem die großen Städte und ihre Positionen im
nationalen und globalen Städtesystem betreffen. Die Städte sehen sich im nationalen und internationalen Standortwettbewerb und richten ihre Politik darauf aus, ihre Standortattraktivität
zu verbessern. Die höchste Stufe städtischer Zentralität – Metropole zu sein,
das Label Metropole zu verwenden oder zumindest metropolitane Eigenschaften zu besitzen – wird für viele Städte zu einem zentralen Aspekt ihres normativen Selbstbildes. Was aber verbirgt sich hinter dem Begriff Metropole, was macht seinen Bedeutungsgehalt aus, und welche Funktionen üben Metropolen aus? In der Arbeit werden erstens die kulturellen und symbolischen Zuschreibungen, die mit dem Metropolenbegriff verbunden sind, erörtert, zweitens die metropolitanen Funktionen theoretisch systematisiert und drittens die
Metropolfunktionen im deutschen Städtesystem quantitativ analysiert. Mit einer quantitativen semiologischen Analyse der führenden deutschen überregionalen
Printmedien werden die Muster des Sprachgebrauchs für den Begriff Metropole herausgearbeitet. Sie werden als Bedeutungszuschreibungen in massenmedialen Kommunikationsprozessen interpretiert und erzeugen für den Metropolenbegriff ein semantisches Feld, dessen Analyse Aussagen über den Bedeutungsgehalt und die Funktionen von Metropolen zulässt. Metropolen verfügen einerseits über symbolisches Kapital, das sich in metropolitanaffinen Zuschreibungen niederschlägt und sie von anderen Städten unterscheidet. Anderseits verweisen die Sprachmuster auf ökonomische, politische, kulturelle, soziale, verkehrliche und
bauliche Aspekte, die Metropolen als Zentren der Symbolproduktion und Orte baulichräumlicher Konfigurationen mit hohem Symbolwert charakterisieren. Diese Zuschreibungen verweisen auf metropolitane Funktionen, die auch Gegenstand der Metropolenforschung sind. Metropolität beschreibt ein theoretisches Konstrukt, das durch metropolitane Funktionen operationalisiert werden kann. Dieses funktionale Metropolenverständnis bezieht sich neben den klassischen ökonomischen auch auf soziale, kulturelle und politische Funktionen. Mit einer indikatorengestützten quantitativen Analyse metropolitaner Funktionen zur Messung der Metropolität deutscher Städte können Veränderungen der räumlichen Konzentration und
funktionalen Spezialisierung im Zeitverlauf analysiert und anschließend im Zusammenhang
mit Ansätzen der Agglomerationstheorie interpretiert werden. Nach der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands kommt es bis heute zu einem großräumigen Prozess der Konzentration. Auf der Ebene der Kreise und Städte zeigen die Daten eine polarisierende
Konzentration, indem vor allem die Hauptstadt Berlin und die beiden großen
Regionalmetropolen München und Hamburg ihre Position ausbauen können. Hingegen geht
die metropolitane Bedeutung der kleineren Zentren relativ zurück. Der Prozess der großräumigen Konzentration wird überlagert von einem Prozess der intraregionalen Dekonzentration. Dieser lässt sich vor allem in München nachweisen, aber auch in den morphologisch polyzentralen Metropolräumen Stuttgart, Frankfurt/Rhein-Main und Rhein-Ruhr. Den Positionsgewinnen von Berlin, München und Hamburg stehen Positionsverluste der westdeutschen Zentren und Metropolräume, insbesondere des Metropolraums Rhein-Ruhr, gegenüber.
Aus der Analyse der funktionalen Differenzierung metropolitaner Funktionen geht hervor, dass vor allem die großen Metropolräume Berlin, Hamburg, München, Rhein-Ruhr und Frankfurt/Rhein-Main in den meisten metropolitanen Teilfunktionen Stärken besitzen und insofern eine diversifizierte Struktur aufweisen. Allerdings weisen auch diese Metropolräume
in einigen Teilfunktionen überdurchschnittliche Konzentrationen auf, die sich im Zeitverlauf weiter verstärken. Es kommt in diesen Räumen also zu einer Zunahme der Funktionsspezialisierung,
so dass sich Spezialisierungs- und Diversifizierungsprozesse überlagern. In
Berlin kommt es zu Funktionsgewinnen, wobei die höchsten Gewinne auf die klassischen
Hauptstadtfunktionen entfallen. Diese Funktionsverlagerungen hängen direkt oder indirekt mit der Rolle Berlins als Regierungssitz zusammen. Hingegen nimmt der Metropolraum Berlin bei den ökonomischen Funktionen keinen Spitzenplatz im deutschen Vergleich ein. Die metropolitanen Funktionsprofile der ost- und westdeutschen Metropolräume unterscheiden sich daher erheblich. Die ökonomischen Funktionen sind auf die westdeutschen Metropolräume konzentriert, die wissenschaftlichen, kulturellen und politischen Funktionen
jedoch zum Großteil auf Berlin und teilweise auch auf die anderen ostdeutschen Metropolräume. Abschließend werden die grundlegenden Fragen nach dem Verständnis von Metropole und Metropolität aufgeworfen und in einem Modell mit den drei Ebenen Materialität, Funktion und Bedeutung verdeutlicht.2013-03-20T00:00:00ZApplying risk governance principles to natural hazards and risks in mountainsAngignard, Marjoryhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/291782015-08-12T23:48:47Z2011-11-09T00:00:00ZTitle: Applying risk governance principles to natural hazards and risks in mountains
Authors: Angignard, Marjory
Abstract: The multidisciplinarity of spatial planning leads it to address all spatially relevant issues present on
a territory. Among them, the question of natural hazards and risks gained a particular attention in
the last decades.
Despite the permanent deepening of knowledge about natural hazards and risks, and the various
strategies adopted to reduce their impact on societies, natural disasters are still causing
considerable damages and taking lives. Obviously, the traditional approaches have reached their
limit. The new challenges posed by natural risks create a need for a more comprehensive
approach, risk governance.
This framework includes risk assessment and risk management, embedded in a large risk
communication environment. The place of the public in this approach has to be shifted from
potential victims to active actors in the decision making processes.
In addition, the general dynamic of harmonisation of policies observed in the European Union
conducts to consider an harmonisation of natural risks related policies. Moreover, as many regions
in Europe are facing similar risks with different strategies influenced by their respective risk
cultures, sharing methods and knowledge could help reaching a higher efficiency. But the transfer
of methods is hindered by the dissimilarities in risk cultures.
This study addresses the perceptions and expectations of the public in risk prone areas, in an
attempt to understand how far they influence risk cultures. By comparing perceptions and
expectations in two sites with similar risk settings, the study aimed at pointing out the elements that shape risk cultures, and understand how they could be considered when transferring good practice
examples.2011-11-09T00:00:00ZRaumplanung und Risk GovernanceWanczura, Sylviahttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/273192015-08-13T00:35:31Z2010-08-02T00:00:00ZTitle: Raumplanung und Risk Governance
Authors: Wanczura, Sylvia2010-08-02T00:00:00ZModelling informal urban growth under rapid urbanisationHill, AlexandraLindner, Christianhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/272832015-08-12T16:49:33Z2010-06-30T00:00:00ZTitle: Modelling informal urban growth under rapid urbanisation
Authors: Hill, Alexandra; Lindner, Christian
Abstract: Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is one of the fastest growing urban agglomerations in Africa
and projected to become a megacity (i.e., a city with more than 5 mio. inhabitants) by
2025. Rapid urban growth under poverty has outstripped the capacities of planning
authorities to cope with the enormous pace of urban expansion. As a consequence
informal settlements absorb almost all urban settlers leading to rapid urban sprawl into
the unplanned periphery. But still only little is known about the drivers and mechanisms
of ongoing urbanisation processes and the means of intervention. The need for well
balanced and informed decisions becomes evident and calls inter alia for support of
urban planning by geo-information technology and so-called decision support systems.
This thesis approaches these needs by designing a land-use simulation model for the
city of Dar es Salaam.
Particularly in developing countries urban modelling inevitably comprises the challenge
of setting up an appropriate database. Public authorities in Dar es Salaam lack precise
and up-to-date information and were unable to contribute to the database needed for
the modelling work particularly since multi-temporal information was required. Basic
datasets which have been provided by another research institution were extended and
updated to serve as the database required by the analysis and modelling work.
The model presented is based on standard GIS software and designed along the
principles of Cellular Automata (CA) which are particularly suitable to capture
neighbourhood dynamics and likewise do not demand for a highly sophisticated
database. Population projections by the UN Population Division have been used to
determine future demand for informal residential land. The model simulates its
allocation based on variables which represent major drivers of informal urban growth:
natural conditions, accessibility and local-scale dynamics, i.e., so-called neighbourhood
effects. These drivers have been proven to be adequate to explain and project urban
growth during the process of model calibration and validation based on regression
analyses.
The model has been employed to project land-use patterns until 2022 as a baseline
scenario. In accordance with recent local urban planning and development discourse the
impact of transport infrastructure projects on the distribution of future urban growth
has been simulated in four scenario settings. The results have been analysed with
reference to the baseline scenario to compare the characteristics of likely urban futures.
The application of the model demonstrates the considerable potential of urban growth
modelling for the situation in Dar es Salaam and its transferability to cities facing similar
conditions. It provides a valuable laboratory to test the drivers and mechanisms of urban
growth and the associated means of intervention. During field work interim results have
proven that the model is able to establish and maintain a discourse among planners and
other stakeholders thus mitigating one of the major weaknesses of urban development
planning - the lack of cooperation and coordination. This is an essential first step for
strategic intervention into informal urban development processes given the limited
resources at hand and to support planning authorities in Dar es Salaam to cope with
future urban development in a pro-active manner.2010-06-30T00:00:00ZDisaster resilient urban settlementsAlarslan, Ebruhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/265562015-08-12T16:37:34Z2009-12-16T10:12:56ZTitle: Disaster resilient urban settlements
Authors: Alarslan, Ebru2009-12-16T10:12:56ZRegional development through rural-urban linkagesMushi, Nimrod Shitraelhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/28622015-12-02T09:17:41Z2004-11-09T00:00:00ZTitle: Regional development through rural-urban linkages
Authors: Mushi, Nimrod Shitrael
Abstract: Many households have spanning livelihoods that draw on rural and urban resource opportunities. Urban and rural areas are closely linked, each contributing to the other, they therefore need to be considered jointly in development planning. The absence of rural development policies that recognise and seek to take advantage of positive aspects of rural-urban linkages in the impact regions of many cities in Developing Countries is a constraint to both rural and urban development. This policy vacuum requires a study to unveil how such deficiencies have affected rural-urban linkages and in turn livelihoods in both rural and urban areas.The impact region of Dar es Salaam is very conspicuous. The impact region surrounds Dar es Salaam city, which is the country's main point of entry and exit for goods and people and has always had an important role to play in the national development. Poor provision of socio-economic and physical infrastructure is evident in the impact region of Dar es Salaam. The poor development of infrastructure in the impact region dates back to the purpose of establishing Dar es Salaam city. There is a common agreement that the city was established as a port to receive agricultural produce and minerals from the hinterland to be exported to Europe. Consequently, the first objective of this research was to identify the types of rural-urban linkages in the impact region, describe the level of development of the impact region and the extent of rural-urban linkages. The second objective of the research was to evaluate the strength and weaknesses of rural-urban linkages in the impact region, analyse rural-urban linkages with specific focus to the city and the settlements in the impact region, and appraise its role in enhancing livelihoods in urban and rural areas as well. The third objective was to formulate a policy framework for effective rural-urban linkages and enhanced livelihoods. These issues have been investigated empirically. The research addresses the question of urban-rural linkages first from a theoretical standpoint, and thereafter illustrates it with some concrete cases at two different geographical locations. Besides, it takes a dynamic approach to rural-urban linkages by looking more closely at changes affecting the impact region livelihoods rather than merely describing the linkages between urban and rural areas. The study adopted participatory methodology tools such as focus group discussions, mobility matrix, Venn diagrams, and small-scale household surveys. These tools were put to practice in the commodity chain analysis from the production stage in the villages to the consumption stage in urban areas. This research unveils the latent potentials of rural-urban linkages in livelihood enhancement in both rural and urban areas. The observed weak rural-urban linkages and livelihoods development can be attributed to the limited local institutional development and its interplay, inadequate provision of social, physical and economic infrastructure and ineffective regional planning machinery in the impact region.Main findings in the study were: locally designed institutions are fundamental safety nets; affordable transport complements other factors; and that migration is a survival strategy in rural-urban linkages. Based on these findings, the study recommendations include: Firstly, institute planning teams to deal with the urban problems that cut across local authorities boundaries consisting of core city and the adjacent district authorities. Secondly, involve local communities to surcharge new development in the impact region for the provision of line infrastructural facilities, such as roads, electricity and water. Thirdly, support locally designed institutions and private small-scale processing industries by formulating a policy that allows governments non-governmental organisations and donors to invest in institutions, either directly or indirectly by creating an environment friendly to the emergence of local institutions. Lastly, as regards migration of people, it is at the heart of development. Policies need to support migration by creating socio-infrastructure facilities such as schools, water, and value added processing and employment opportunities to the new areas.The report is organised in eight chapters. Chapters one to four describe the context, the conceptual framework and the research methodology. Chapter five and six present the case studies, while chapters seven and eight present the cross case analysis, policy implications and recommendations.2004-11-09T00:00:00ZEntwicklung von Strategien und Maßnahmen für die regionale Planung in den iranischen Provinzen Gilan und Mazandaran zur Bewältigung der durch den Anstieg des Kaspischen Meeres verursachten Zerstörungen und FlächenverlustePeyvastehgar, Yaghowbhttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/28612015-08-13T00:09:43Z2002-03-18T00:00:00ZTitle: Entwicklung von Strategien und Maßnahmen für die regionale Planung in den iranischen Provinzen Gilan und Mazandaran zur Bewältigung der durch den Anstieg des Kaspischen Meeres verursachten Zerstörungen und Flächenverluste
Authors: Peyvastehgar, Yaghowb2002-03-18T00:00:00Z