Eldorado Community:
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27531
2024-03-28T11:29:18ZThe role of liver in leptin metabolism in experimental nephrotic syndrome
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29635
Title: The role of liver in leptin metabolism in experimental nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Ahmed, Mohamed Mahmoud; Amin, Ahmed Ibrahim; Fahmi, Abdelgawad Ali; Habib, Dawoud Fakhry; Kholousy, Naglaa Mohamed; Shalaby, Mostafa; Shanab, Asem Metwally Abo
Abstract: Leptin is a hormone influencing food intake, energy expenditure and body weight. It is pro-duced by adipocytes, exerts its effects on brain, endocrine pancreas and other organs by acti-vating trans-membrane receptors and is cleared from plasma mainly by the kidneys. Several studies have suggested that leptin's effects on metabolism are mediated by the liver. Our aim was to evaluate the role of the liver in the metabolism of leptin by comparing the serum leptin level in the portal vein with that in inferior vena cava and to study the relationship between leptin and lipoprotein levels in healthy and nephrotic rats. Experimental nephrotic syndrome was conducted in rats by intraperitoneal injection of the supernatant from the kidney suspen-sion obtained by previous unilateral nephrectomy of the same rat and complete Freund's adju-vant. There was a highly significant rise in leptin and lipid profile levels in the nephrotic rats compared with the normal rats. A highly significant increase in leptin in the inferior vena cava was detected compared with the level in the portal veins of nephrotic rats, while insignificant difference was observed in normal rats. This work has stressed the role of liver in leptin and lipid metabolism in nephrotic rats.2012-09-20T00:00:00ZProtective effect of aqueous extract of the rhizomes of Sansevieria liberica Gérôme and Labroy on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29634
Title: Protective effect of aqueous extract of the rhizomes of Sansevieria liberica Gérôme and Labroy on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Igboh, Ngozi Mercy; Ikewuchi, Catherine Chidinma; Ikewuchi, Jude Chigozie; Mark-Balm, Telema
Abstract: The ability of an aqueous extract of the rhizomes of Sansevieria liberica to protect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury was investigated in Wistar albino rats. The carbon tetrachloride was prepared 1:5 (v:v) in olive oil, and administered subcutaneously at 1 mL/kg body weight. The extract was administered to both normal and carbon tetrachloride treated rats at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. On gas chromatographic analysis of the extract, twenty nine known flavonoids were detected, consisting mainly of 31.94 % apigenin, 20.66 % quercetin, 11.28 % kaempferol, 5.99 % naringenin, 5.83 % (-)-epicatechin, 3.69 % biochanin, 3.58 % (+)-catechin, 2.72 % diadzein, 2.20 % ellagic acid, 2.04 % butein. Compared to test control, the treatment dose dependently produced significantly (P<0.05) lower alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities. The plasma total bilirubin and total protein levels of the test animals were lower though not significantly. The hepatic histo-pathological studies showed that carbon tetrachloride caused fatty degeneration of hepato-cytes, which was inhibited by pre-treatment with the extract; thus, confirming the results of the biochemical studies. The results of this study indicated that treatment with the plant ex-tracts protects the liver against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. This supports the use of Sansevieria liberica in traditional health care for managing liver problems.2012-09-20T00:00:00ZLinear chain aldehydes evoke calcium responses in B16 melanoma cells
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29633
Title: Linear chain aldehydes evoke calcium responses in B16 melanoma cells
Authors: Ishikawa, Yuki; Ohara, Kazuyuki; Ohshima, Toshiaki; Ushio, Hideki
Abstract: Oxidative stress is involved in various physiological impairing stages, such as aging, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cirrhosis, and neurological disorders. Recent research indicates that aldehyde compounds derived from oxidized lipids increase in cancer patients compared to healthy individuals.
Among of them, hexanal, a six-carbon liner chain aldehyde, is commonly found in
cancer patients. Lipid oxidation products including aldehydes are in general chemically unstable and react with biological molecules such as proteins. The purpose of this study is to investigate
effects of lipid-derived aldehydes and the related compounds on intracellular Ca2+
responses in B16 melanoma cells. Hexanal-induced [Ca2+]i elevation is observed in B16 cells in a dose dependent manner, but [Ca2+]i changes were observed neither in 3T3-L1 cells nor Caco-2 cells. Propanal, a chain length analogue of hexanal, elicited no change in [Ca2+]i, but nonanal initiated [Ca2+]i increases. Analogue compounds of hexanal failed to induce [Ca2+]i
elevation. Furthermore, unsaturated aldehydes known as TRPA1 channel agonists also failed to alter [Ca2+]i levels in B16 melanoma cells. Pharmacological spectra using inhibitors against intracellular Ca2+ signaling suggest that hexanal-induced [Ca2+]i responses in B16 cells might be involved in TRP channels other than TRPA1. Our results suggest that saturated aliphatic
chain aldehydes would be novel compounds for initiating [Ca2+]i increases through very strict recognitions of chain saturation, aldehydic base structures, and chain lengths in B16 melanoma cells. B16 cells would have sensing mechanisms for oxidative status and/or metabolic activities in their growth environment.2012-09-20T00:00:00ZThe effect of different antidepressant drugs of oxidative stress after lipopolysaccharide administration in mice
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29632
Title: The effect of different antidepressant drugs of oxidative stress after lipopolysaccharide administration in mice
Authors: Abdel-Salam, Omar M.E.; Morsy, Safaa M. Youssef; Sleem, Amany A.
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine and the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) impiramine on oxi-dative stress in brain and liver induced by lipopolysaccharide administration in mice. Each drug was administered subcutaneously at doses of 10 or 20 mg/kg, for two days prior to in-traperitoneal (i.p.) administration of lipopolysaccharide E (LPS: 200 μg/kg). Mice were euthanized 4 h after administration of the lipopolysaccharide. Lipid peroxidation (malondial-dehyde; MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) concentrations were measured in brain and liver.
Results: The administration of lipopolysaccharide increased oxidative stress in brain and liv-er; it increased brain MDA by 36.1 and liver MDA by 159.8 %. GSH decreased by 34.1 % and 64.8 % and nitric oxide increased by 78.7 % and 103.8 % in brain and liver, respectively. In brain, MDA decreased after the administration of sertraline and by the lower dose of fluo-xetine or fluvoxamine, but increased after the higher dose of imipramine. Reduced glutathione increased after sertraline, fluvoxamine and the lower dose of fluoxetine or imipramine. Nitric oxide decreased by sertraline, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and by the lower dose of imipramine. In the liver, all drugs decreased MDA and increased GSH level. Nitric oxide is decreased by sertraline, fluvoxamine and by the lower dose of fluoxetine or imipramine. It is concluded that, during mild systemic inflammatory illness induced by peripheral bacterial endotoxin in-jection, the SSRIs fluoxetine, sertraline and fluvoxamine reduced, while the TCA impiramine increased oxidative stress induced in the brain. The SSRIs as well as imipramine reduced oxi-dative stress due to lipopolysaccharide in liver tissue.2012-09-20T00:00:00ZHepatoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana 'Godseffiana' Muell Arg (Euphorbiaceae) against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29631
Title: Hepatoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana 'Godseffiana' Muell Arg (Euphorbiaceae) against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats
Authors: Ikewuchi, Catherine C.; Ikewuchi, Jude C.; Onyeike, Eugene N.; Uwakwe, Augustine A.
Abstract: The potential of aqueous extract of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana, to protect against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage was investigated in Wistar albino rats. The carbon tetrachloride was prepared 1:5 (v:v) in olive oil, and administered subcutaneously at 1 mL/kg body weight. The extract was administered to both normal and carbon tetrachloride treated rats at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg. On fractionation and gas chromatographic analysis of the crude aqueous extract, thirty nine known alkaloids were detected, consisting mainly of akuamidine (69.027 %), voacangine (26.226 %), echitamine (1.974 %), echitamidine
(0.599 %), lupanine (0.521 %) and augustamine (0.278 %). Compared to test control, the treatment dose dependently produced significantly lower (P<0.05) alkaline phosphatase, aspartate and alanine transaminase activities. Histopathological studies on the liver sections showed that pre-treatment with the extract protected against carbon tetrachloride induced fatty
degeneration of hepatocytes, thus, confirming the results of the biochemical studies. The above results imply that treatment with the plant extract protects the liver against carbon tetrachloride
induced hepatotoxicity, therefore, justifying the use of Acalypha wilkesiana in African traditional health care for the management of liver problems.2012-09-20T00:00:00ZEssential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Lobelia pyramidalis Wall
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29629
Title: Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Lobelia pyramidalis Wall
Authors: Bishta, Ganga; Devendra, Mishra; Joshi, Shivani; Khetwala, Khadak Singh
Abstract: The essential oil of Lobelia pyramidalis was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 21 con-stituents comprising 77.88 % of the total oil were identified. Perilla ketone constituted 25.61 % of the oil followed by camphorquinone (12.16 %), dibutyl phthalate (10.66 %) and allyl nonanoate (8.47 %). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and the microdilution technique. The results showed that the oil exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity.2012-09-20T00:00:00ZHighlights in toxicology
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29215
Title: Highlights in toxicology
Authors: Marchan, R.
Abstract: Every year our cooperating journal, the Archives of Toxicology, publishes and analyzes its most cited articles. In 2009/2010 the most popular articles focussed on ethanol-induced liver damage, tea polyphenols as anti-carcinogens and concepts of dose-response modelling. To keep our readers informed about recent developments in toxicology we reproduce a table
summarizing the take home messages of the most cited articles (Table; from: Bolt and Hengstler, 2011).2011-12-02T00:00:00ZTwo cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia syndrome after postoperative irradiation for breast cancer
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29214
Title: Two cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia syndrome after postoperative irradiation for breast cancer
Authors: Abe, Shuichi; Fukuzaki, Koji; Inoue, Sumito; Kubota, Isao; Nishiwaki, Michiko; Shibata, Yoko
Abstract: We report two cases of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) syndrome that developed after postoperative radiation therapy for breast cancer. In both patients, chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) showed multiple consolidations outside the irradiation
fields after several months of tangential radiation therapy. These patients were diagnosed as having radiation-associated BOOP syndrome, based on their clinical course and the findings on examination. After treatment with a systemic corticosteroid, radiographic consolidations
and symptoms improved rapidly. In cases where consolidations appear outside the irradiated field, it is important to consider BOOP syndrome as a pulmonary complication of radiation therapy for breast cancer.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZSedative and hypnotic effects of Iranian traditional medicinal herbs used for treatment of insomnia
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29213
Title: Sedative and hypnotic effects of Iranian traditional medicinal herbs used for treatment of insomnia
Authors: Andalib, Sasan; Naeini, Azadeh Motavallian; Vaseghi, Ali; Vaseghi, Golnaz
Abstract: For tens of centuries, plants have been highly valued and regularly used as medicine amongst the masses. Insomnia, a loss of sleep, is mostly treated by synthetic sleeping tablets these days. However, questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of artificial sedatives due to their deleterious side effects such as physical dependence. In recent years,
there has been an increasing propensity to preclude insomnia by herbal medicines throughout the world. Many herbs have a lengthy background in terms of insomnia treatment in Iran. This paper gives an account of previously published research on sedative and hypnotic effects of medicinal herbs used for treatment of insomnia in Iranian traditional medicine.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZEndocrine disrupting compounds exposure and testis development in mammals
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29212
Title: Endocrine disrupting compounds exposure and testis development in mammals
Authors: Egbowon, Biola F.; Mustapha, Olajide A.
Abstract: In the last few decades, there is substantial evidence that male reproductive function is deteriorating in humans and wildlife and this is associated with unintentional exposure to widely
used synthetic chemicals. Subsequently, much has been done to show that certain chemicals
in the environment adversely interfere with the developing fetal gonads of the laboratory animals. Some in vitro studies have demonstrated treatment-induced reproductive problems in offspring exposed to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) which are similar to those observed
in wildlife and human population. Few EDC studies have demonstrated that there are
certain periods of gestation when the developing fetus is highly sensitive and at risk of small endocrine changes. Similar observations have been made in the sewage sludge model, however, while animal studies have been insightful in providing valuable information about the range of effects that can be attributed to in utero exposure to EDCs, varying levels of maternal doses administered in different studies exaggerated extrapolation of these results to human. Thus the EDC concentration representative of fetal exposure levels is uncertain because of the complexities of its nature. So far, the level of fetal exposure can only be roughly estimated. There is substantial evidence from animal data to prove that EDCs can adversely affect
reproductive development and function in male and more has accumulated on the mechanisms by which they exert their effects. This paper therefore, reviews previous studies to highlight the extent to which testis development can be disrupted during fetal life.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZChemical composition and antioxidant potentials of Kigelia pinnata root oil and extracts
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29211
Title: Chemical composition and antioxidant potentials of Kigelia pinnata root oil and extracts
Authors: Adeosun, Charles B.; Adeyemi, Stephen O.; Akpan, Essiet; Atolani, Olubunmi; Olatunji, Gabriel A.
Abstract: The chemical composition of Kigelia pinnata root oil extracted with n-hexane was analyzed
by GC/GCMS. The antioxidant potential of the oil was compared to that of ethyl acetate and
methanol extracts of the root. UV and IR spectroscopic techniques were used to carry out partial characterization of the oil and extracts. The free radical scavenging activity by spectrophotometric assay on the reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was examined while the total antioxidant activity (TAA) and relative antioxidant activity (RAA) were compared
with standard antioxidant, α-tocopherol. The antioxidant activity (which correlated with
the total phenolic content of the extracts) was assumed to be from the total phenolic content of the extracts. TAA was found to be higher in methanol extract (at 0.25 mg/mL). We hereby report for the first time the major component of the oil from the root of Kigelia pinnata to be elaidic acid (56.12 %). It is a reported toxicant which thereby underscores the risk in the use of the plant in traditional therapies.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZAntibacterial activity of different parts of Peganum harmala L. growing in Iran against multi-drug resistant bacteria
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29210
Title: Antibacterial activity of different parts of Peganum harmala L. growing in Iran against multi-drug resistant bacteria
Authors: Darabpour, Esmaeil; Motamedi, Hossein; Poshtkouhian Bavi, Aniseh; Seyyed Nejad, Seyyed Mansour
Abstract: Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) is one of the most famous medicinal plants used in
traditional medicine of Iran. The aim of this study was to consider antibacterial effects of the methanolic extract of different parts of P. harmala including root, stem, leaf, flower and seed
against some important human pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterial properties of methanolic extract of mentioned parts were assessed by disc diffusion method. Active extract was fractioned using Thin Layer Chromatography; also their synergism activity in combination with synthetic antibiotic was evaluated. Among the evaluated parts of P. harmala, the root and
seed extracts presented antibacterial activity against all of tested bacteria even at the lowest concentration. Antibacterial effect of leaf part was moderate while stem and flower extracts showed relatively poor activity. Antibacterial activity of root extract against most of the tested
Gram positive bacteria was better than seed extract. Tested against Gram negative bacteria the obtained results were inconsistent. MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) values for both extracts against MRSA (Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus) and for seed extract against E. coli and S. typhi were equal
(0.625 mg/ml). TLC (Thin Layer chromatography) results revealed that seed and root extracts were different in terms of nature and content of their constituents. Furthermore, these two extracts showed an excellent stability to temperature and pH treatment. Also, the seed and root
extracts showed synergism in combination with novobiocin, colistin and carbenicillin. In conclusion, P. harmala can be assigned as a source of antibacterial compounds for treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZPyBact
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29209
Title: PyBact
Authors: Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya, Chartchalerm; Nantasenamat, Chanin; Prachayasittikul, Virapong; Preeyanon, Likit
Abstract: PyBact is a software written in Python for bacterial identification. The code simulates the predefined behavior of bacterial species by generating a simulated data set based on the frequency table of biochemical tests from diagnostic microbiology textbook. The generated data was used for predictive model construction by machine learning approaches and results indicated that the classifiers could accurately predict its respective bacterial class with accuracy in excess of 99 %.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZImmortelle (Xeranthemum annum L.) as a natural source of biologically active substances
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29208
Title: Immortelle (Xeranthemum annum L.) as a natural source of biologically active substances
Authors: Branković, Snežana R.; Čomić, Ljiljana R.; Radojević, Ivana D.; Stanković, Milan S.; Stefanović, Olgica D.; Topuzović, Marina D.
Abstract: Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, total phenolic content and flavonoid concentrations of methanolic, acetone and ethyl acetate extracts from Xeranthemum annuum L. were investigated in this study. The total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and ranged between 101.33 to 159.48 mg GA/g. The concentration of flavonoids in various X.
annuum extracts was determined using spectrophotometric method with aluminum chloride and the results varied from 22.25 to 62.42 mg RU/g. Antioxidant activity was monitored spectrophotometrically using DPPH reagent and expressed in terms of IC50 (μg/ml), and it ranged from 59.25 to 956.81 μg/ml. The highest phenolic content and capacity to neutralize DPPH radicals were found in the acetone extract. In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined by
microdilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal
concentration (MMC) have been determined. Testing was conducted against 24 microorganisms, including 15 strains of bacteria (standard and clinical strains) and 9 species of fungi. Statistically significant difference in activity between the extracts of X. annuum L. was observed
and the acetone extract was found most active. The activity of acetone extract was in accordance with total phenol content and flavonoid concentration measured in this extract. The tested extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against G+ bacteria and weak to moderate activity against other microorganisms. Based on the obtained results, X. annuum can be considered as a rich natural source of polyphenolic compounds with very good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZThe majority of cockroaches from the Samutprakarn province of Thailand are carriers of parasitic organisms
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29207
Title: The majority of cockroaches from the Samutprakarn province of Thailand are carriers of parasitic organisms
Authors: Chamavit, Pennapa; Niamnuy, Nunthawadee; Sahaisook, Panupong
Abstract: We undertook a study of the mechanical transmission of parasitic organisms in cockroaches in the Samutprakarn province of Thailand. In this study, 920 cockroaches were obtained from 18 open-air shopping markets in 5 districts and 1 subdistrict of this province. All cockroaches were captured during their feeding time in their natural habitat. Direct wet smear and modified
acid-fast bacilli staining were used to identify the parasites from the external surface or cuticle of the cockroaches. The results show that 498 (54.1 %) of the cockroaches harbored parasitic organisms. Of these, 56.1 % were protozoa and the remaining 43.9 % were helminthes
(pathogenic helminthes- 1.4 %, non-pathogenic helminthes- 42.5 %). Of the pathogenic helminthes, the species included Strongyloides stercoralis (6 instances of the free-living adult male, 0.8 %), Ascaris lumbricoides (2 decorticated eggs, 0.3 %), Trichuris trichiura (2, 0.3 %), and Taenia spp. (1 egg, 0.1 %). The protozoa types that were identified included Cyclospora spp. (10 oocysts, 1.3 %), Endolimax nana (10 cysts, 1.3 %), B. hominis (9 instances of the vacuolated form, 1.2 %), Isospora belli (75 oocysts, 9.6 %), Entamoeba histolytica/E.
dispar (36 cysts, 4.6 %), Cryptosporidium spp. (220 oocysts, 28.1 %), Chilomastix mesnilli (2 cysts, 0.3 %), Entamoeba coli (31 cysts, 4.0 %), Balantidium coli (45 trophozoites, 5.8 %), and Iodamoeba butschlii (1 cyst, 0.1 %). These results show that cockroaches isolated from
these markets are carriers of several parasitic organisms that cause commonly found symptoms of illness such as diarrhea or bowel disorder.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZHigh-fat diet did not change metabolic response to acute stress in rats
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29206
Title: High-fat diet did not change metabolic response to acute stress in rats
Authors: Farrokhi, Babak; Ghalami, Jamileh; Hedayati, Mehdi; Rostamkhani, Fatemeh; Zardooz, Homeira
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of high-fat diet on metabolic factors in the presence of acute foot-shock and psychological stresses in male Wistar rats.
The animals were divided into high-fat (45 % cow intra-abdominal fat) and normal (standard
pellets) diet groups; then, each group was allocated into stressed and control groups. Stress was induced by a communication box. Blood samples were collected by retro-orbital-puncture method under isoflurane anesthesia. Plasma levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol,
free fatty acid and corticosterone were measured. Water and food intake significantly decreased in high-fat diet group; however, their weight did not change compared with the normal diet group. The level of fasting plasma glucose in the high-fat diet group decreased whereas, the fasting plasma insulin level did not significantly change. Stress increased the plasma glucose level 15 minutes after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in both diet subgroups. The concentration of plasma insulin increased after stress induction in fasting and 15 minutes after performing OGTT. The increase in the plasma level of corticosterone was significant in both diet subgroups of only the foot-shock stress group. Plasma level of cholesterol and triglyceride in the high-fat diet group significantly increased; however, foot-shock stress decreased only triglyceride concentration. Plasma level of the fatty acids did not change in any of the groups. Statistical analysis showed no significant interaction between high-fat diet and stress.
As a whole, the results showed that the high-fat diet used in the present study did not noticeably affect metabolic parameters even in the presence of acute stress.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZComparative germination of Tamarix ramosissima spring and summer seeds
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29205
Title: Comparative germination of Tamarix ramosissima spring and summer seeds
Authors: Yan, Cheng; Yang, Meilin; Yan, Wei
Abstract: Tamarix ramosissima has bi-seasonal flowering and fruit-setting characteristics. This study compared the morphology and germination characteristics of seeds from Tamarix ramosissima plants during the spring flowering period and the summer flowering period. The results are as follows: there is no significant difference in morphology, such as size and thousandseed weight, between seeds from different the spring and summer flowering periods. Freshly harvested spring and summer flowering period seeds can both rapidly germinate under the 5/15 °C, 5/25 °C, 15/25 °C or 25/35 °C thermoperiods. Average germination time of the spring flowering period seeds is shorter than that of the summer flowering period seeds, with
a TG50 of 2-18 hours (TG50 = the time when germinate percentage reached 50 %). NaCl solutions at concentrations below 0.2 mol/L have no significant effect on the germination of Tamarix ramosissima seeds from either flowering periods. However, at above 0.4 mol/L, higher NaCl concentrations adversely affect the Tamarix ramosissima seeds’ germination rates. Seeds from the summer flowering period have higher tolerance of NaCl solutions than
seeds from the spring flowering period. Seeds that were incubated in NaCl solution for 8 days cannot recover after being transferred to distilled water (0 % recovery), indicating that NaCl treated seeds permanently lost their germination capability. After storing in room temperature
for 2 months, Tamarix ramosissima seeds from both spring and summer flowering periods
maintain above 80 % viability. After 2 months, the seed viabilities decrease as the storage time lengthens. The viabilities of seeds from both spring and summer flowering periods decrease to about 40-50 % after storage for 6 months. This study can provide scientific basis for rational utilization of the biological resources in arid desert ecosystems.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZThe effects of trimetazidine on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29204
Title: The effects of trimetazidine on lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice
Authors: Abdel-Salam, Omar M.E.; Mohammed, Nadia A.; Sleem, Amany A.
Abstract: The effects of trimetazidine, a novel anti-ischemic agent, on the development of oxidative stress induced in mice with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin were investigated. The drug was administered orally once daily at doses of 1.8, 3.6 or 7.2 mg/kg for two days prior to intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide E (200 μg/kg) and at time of endotoxin administration. Mice were euthanized 4 h after administration of the lipopolysaccharide. Lipid peroxidation
(malondialdehyde; MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) concentrations were measured in brain and liver. The administration of lipopolysaccharide increased oxidative stress in both the brain and liver tissue. MDA increased by 33.9 and 107.1 %, GSH decreased by 23.9 and 84.3 % and nitric oxide increased 70.3 and 48.4 % in the brain and liver, respectively. Compared with the lipopolysaccharide control group, brain MDA decreased by 26.2 and 36.7 %, while GSH increased by 18.2 and 25.8 % after the administration of trimetazidine at 3.6 and 7.2 mg/kg, respectively. Brain nitric oxide
decreased by 45.3, 50.8 and 57.0 % by trimetazidine at 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the liver, MDA decreased by 18.7, 30.7 and 49.4 % and GSH increased by 150.3, 204.8 and 335.4 % following trimetazidine administration at 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 mg/kg. Meanwhile, nitric oxide decreased by 17.3 % by 7.2 mg/kg of trimetazidine. These results indicate that administration of trimetazidine in the presence of mild systemic inflammatory response alleviates
oxidative stress in the brain and liver.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZInvestigation on biological activities of anthranilic acid sulfonamide analogs
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29203
Title: Investigation on biological activities of anthranilic acid sulfonamide analogs
Authors: Doungsoongnuen, Sutanun; Pingaew, Ratchanok; Prachayasittikul, Supaluk; Prachayasittikul, Virapong; Ruchirawat, Somsak; Suksrichavalit, Thummaruk; Worachartcheewan, Apilak
Abstract: In the previous studies, the cytotoxicities of anthranilate sulfonamides were investigated. Herein, the bioactivities of 4-substituted (X = NO2, OCH3, CH3, Cl) benzenesulfonamides of anthranilic acid (5-8) are reported. The results revealed that all sulfonamides selectively exerted
antifungal activity (25-50 % inhibition) against C. albicans at 4 μg/mL. Furthermore,
compounds 6 and 8 show antioxidative (SOD) activity. These sulfonamides, except for 6, selectively display cytotoxic effects toward MOLT-3 cells. It is interesting to note that sulfonamides with electron withdrawing substituent (5, X = NO2) exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. This study provided preliminary structure-activity relationship of the anthranilic sulfonamides that is useful for further in-depth investigation.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZA comparative study pertaining to deleterious effects of diclofenac sodium and meloxicam on kidney tissue in rats
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29202
Title: A comparative study pertaining to deleterious effects of diclofenac sodium and meloxicam on kidney tissue in rats
Authors: Abdollahi, Ali; Andalib, Sasan; Asl, Naser Ahmadi; Garjani, Alireza; Naeini, Azadeh Motavallian
Abstract: NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are a class of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. Diclofenac sodium is one of the world's most widely-prescribed NSAIDs. Meloxicam is another NSAID that was approved in the last several years. Treatment with NSAIDs may result in renal damage. Relatively, little is known about com-parative nephrotoxicity of NSAIDs. Therefore, the present study was designed to compare the adverse effects of diclofenac sodium and meloxicam on renal tissue in rats.
Forty eight Wistar male rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 16 animals each. Group C served as normal control and received normal saline. Group D and M received diclofenac sodium (2.3 mg/kg/day) and meloxicam (2.3 mg/kg/day), respectively. After 17 days, all rats were scarified. Their kidneys were then harvested and processed for histological examination. In addition to cellular details, renal tubular count and diameter were assessed with the light microscope. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.
We found that the mean number of renal tubules was significantly lower in group D, than in group C. Moreover, the mean renal tubular diameter was significantly higher in group D than in group C.
The present study showed that a considerable degree of nephrotoxicity resulted from diclofenac sodium, compared to meloxicam. We suggest that diclofenac sodium can be replaced with meloxicam.2011-12-02T00:00:00ZProduction of ethanol from lignocellulosics
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29031
Title: Production of ethanol from lignocellulosics
Authors: Banerjee, Rintu; Kuila, Arindam; Mukhopadhyay, Mainak; Tuli, D. K.
Abstract: The major objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of enzymatic pretreatment on Lantana camara for improved yield of reducing sugar and bioethanol production. An optimum enzymatic delignification (88.79 %) was achieved after 8 h of incubation. After delignification the substrate was further treated with the mixture of carbohydratases for appropriate saccharification. The enzyme treated substrate yielded maximum reducing sugar
(713.33 mg/g dry substrate) after 9 h of saccharification. Monosaccharide content in the saccharified samples were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. Using conventional yeast strain, 9.63 g/L bioethanol was produced from saccharified samples of Lantana camara. Structural changes of Lantana camara before and after enzymatic pretreatment were further investigated through Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).2011-08-23T00:00:00ZDeclined sex ratio at birth in Fallujah (Iraq) during Iraq war with Iran
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29030
Title: Declined sex ratio at birth in Fallujah (Iraq) during Iraq war with Iran
Authors: Saadat, Mostafa
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate whether the sex ratio at birth (SRB, male proportion) alter in Iraq during its war against Iran (1980-1988). Here we compared 785 births (348 males, 437 females) during 1980-1989 with 1144 births (655 males, 489 females) before 1980 and 2914 births (1496 males, 1418 females) after 1989 in Fallujah, Iraq. The SRB significantly decreased during 1980-1989 in comparison with the ratios before 1980 (OR=0.595, 95 % CI: 0.495-0.714, P<0.001) and after 1989 (OR=0.755, 95 % CI: 0.644-0.884, P=0.001). Considering that the Iran-Iraq war began at 1980 and ended in 1988, therefore it seems that the SRB decreased in Fallujah (Iraq) during the war.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZEvaluation of the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of a flavone glycoside from Cancrinia discoidea (Ledeb.) Poljak
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29028
Title: Evaluation of the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of a flavone glycoside from Cancrinia discoidea (Ledeb.) Poljak
Authors: Li, Qing-Chan; Su, Jian-Yu; Zhu, Liang
Abstract: The anti-inflammatory effect of selagin-7-O-(6″-O-Acetyl-)-β-D-glucoside, isolated from the medicinal herb Cancrinia discoidea (Ledeb.) Poljak, was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenin- and serotonin-induced rat paw oedema models of acute inflammation and the cotton pellet-induced granuloma rat model of chronic inflammation. Flavone glycoside at doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, the clinical anti-inflammatory indo-methacin at 10 mg/kg, or vehicle were administered orally before injection of the pro-inflammatory compound. The test compound showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against paw edema induced by carrageenin or serotonin, most notably at the highest test dose of 20 mg/kg. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, the compound showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, with the highest effect at 20 mg/kg. In all three assays, the flavone glucoside compound was more active at 20 mg/kg than indomethacin at 10 mg/kg.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZAmphetamines analysis in wastewaters - method performance of solid phase extraction - higher performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques (SPE-HPLC MS/MS)
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29027
Title: Amphetamines analysis in wastewaters - method performance of solid phase extraction - higher performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry techniques (SPE-HPLC MS/MS)
Authors: Ajao, Usman L.; Mustapha, Aliru Olajide
Abstract: Recently, many articles have reported different levels and distribution of amphetamine hitherto detected in biological fluids now appreciably found in aquatic environment at ng/L levels. Identification and measurement of amphetamine and its metabolites in surface and sewage waters using higher performance liquid chromatographic methodologies in the literatures now on current trend have provided information that are of scientific interest and effectively replaced immunological methods which only suggest the presence of these substances. Active research on both distribution and impacts of this important drug of abuse and related metabolites in the wastewaters are on-going.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZCutting-edge topics in toxicology
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29026
Title: Cutting-edge topics in toxicology
Authors: Hengstler, J. G.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZOxidative stress research
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29025
Title: Oxidative stress research
Authors: Marchan, R.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZHepatotoxicity
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29024
Title: Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Godoy, P.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZApoptosis in toxicological research
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29023
Title: Apoptosis in toxicological research
Authors: Reif., R.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZCarcinogenesis in toxicological research
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29022
Title: Carcinogenesis in toxicological research
Authors: Cadenas, C.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZMetal toxicity
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29021
Title: Metal toxicity
Authors: Stewart, Joanna D.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZRecent research in neurotoxicology
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29020
Title: Recent research in neurotoxicology
Authors: Thriel, C. van2011-08-23T00:00:00ZRegulatory toxicology
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/29019
Title: Regulatory toxicology
Authors: Bolt, H. M.2011-08-23T00:00:00ZN-acetylaspartic acid monitors oxidative stress
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27752
Title: N-acetylaspartic acid monitors oxidative stress
Authors: Surendran, Sankar2011-05-17T00:00:00ZDark nights behind the white clouds
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27751
Title: Dark nights behind the white clouds
Authors: Zainul, Zarin
Abstract: Tobacco smoking is the common practice in a large percentage of the population worldwide,
and the incidence is continuously increasing. Tobacco smoking is the most preventable cause of lung cancer, and it also impairs oral health. People are aware of the carcinogenic effects of tobacco smoking on the lungs and oral cavity, but it is also a risk factor for many other harmful
diseases. This review article covers most of the diseases that are associated with tobacco
smoking, such as coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), arthritis, impotency, infertility, tuberculosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The association of these diseases with tobacco smoking is discussed in detail in this review, along
with their possible pathophysiology. This article focuses on the ongoing research of these diseases, and aims to raise awareness of the hazards of tobacco smoking, and to promote antismoking awareness programs.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZChemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of Blumea megacephala
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27750
Title: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of Blumea megacephala
Authors: Jiang, Jian-Gou; Tian, Ying-Juan; Yang, Li; Zhu, Liang
Abstract: Blumea megacephala essential oil, obtained through steam distillation of samples collected from the Shiwang Mountains in Guangxi Province, China, was analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. Among the 65 compounds identified in the oil, the main compounds were borneol (13.6 %), β-caryophyllene (9.56 %), germacrene D (9.09 %), sabinene (6.37 %), and α-humulene (4.78 %). Antimicrobial activity revealed that the essential oil (1000 μg/disc) has promising antimicrobial effects against several pathogens, giving satisfactory inhibition zone diameter values (21.5, 21.6, 23.4, 23.8, 21.9) and MIC values (125, 125, 62.5, 125, 125 μg/ml) against Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), and yeast (Hansenula anomala). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were correlated with chemical composition.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZEvaluation of the accuracy, precision and validity of hydrophylic vinyl polysiloxane impression material for bite mark analysis
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27749
Title: Evaluation of the accuracy, precision and validity of hydrophylic vinyl polysiloxane impression material for bite mark analysis
Authors: Devaraju, D.; Kaushik, Atul; Nanda Kumar, B. S.; Rakesh, N.; Reddy, Sujatha S.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the accuracy, precision and validity of hydrophilic Vinyl Poly Siloxane [VPS] impression material for bite mark documentation and analysis. Medium body VPS impressions of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth among thirty subjects
were taken and dental stone casts prepared. Hollow volume overlays were made and
metric analysis was done using advanced imaging software like Adobe Photoshop - 9 and Image J. These values were compared to the measurements taken from bite mark impressions of the same 30 individuals on wax wafers using light body VPS material. The mean differences in the parameters measured by the different techniques were compared using Intra Class Correlation
Coefficients [ICCC]. Additionally validity parameters such as sensitivity, specificity,
positive and negative predictive value were computed.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZGenetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) and susceptibility to pre-eclampsia
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27748
Title: Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) and susceptibility to pre-eclampsia
Authors: Anvar, Zahra; Namavar-Jahromi, Bahia; Saadat, Iraj; Saadat, Mostafa
Abstract: The objective of the present hospital-based case-control study was to assess the association between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to pre-eclampsia (PE) in Shiraz (Fars province, southern Iran). A total of 200 healthy pregnant women and 151 pre-eclamptic women were included. The healthy control group was frequency matched with the age of the pre-eclamptic women. Control women had neither PE in current pregnancy nor history of pregnancies with PE previously. The genotypes
of GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms were determined using a PCR-based method. Neither
GSTM1 null genotype (OR=1.07, 95 % CI: 0.70-1.64, P=0.736) nor GSTT1 null genotype
(OR=0.73, 95 % CI: 0.44-1.21, P=0.233) was associated with risk of PE. Association between combination genotypes and risk of PE was not significant. When family history was entered as a covariate in analysis, adjusted ORs revealed that neither GSTM1 nor GSTT1 polymorphisms was associated with risk of PE. For meta-analysis, we identified 5 eligible studies, including 1217 subjects (515 patients, and 702 healthy controls) in relation to the study polymorphisms and risk of PE. Our present meta-analysis indicated that there neither GSTM1 (OR=0.99, 95 % CI: 0.78-1.25, P=0.955) nor GSTT1 polymorphisms (OR=0.85, 95 % CI: 0.66-1.10, P=0.223) was associated with susceptibility to PE. Taken together it seems that the polymorphisms of GSTM1 and GSTT1 are not risk factors for PE. Further investigations adjusting for confounding factors are needed to confirm the present findings.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZChemical composition, toxicity and antioxidant activities of essential oils of stem bark of Nigerian species of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.)
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27747
Title: Chemical composition, toxicity and antioxidant activities of essential oils of stem bark of Nigerian species of guava (Psidium guajava Linn.)
Authors: Aponjolosun, Babalola S.; Fasola, Taiye R.; Oloyede, Ganiyat K.
Abstract: Essential oil from the stem bark of Nigerian species of Psidium guajava of the family Myrtaceae was obtained by hydro-distillation using an all-glass Clavenger apparatus. GC and GC/MS analysis were carried out on the essential oil and was found to contain 62 compounds constituting 99.98 % of the total oil composition. The principal constituents are hydrocarbons, amines, amides and esters with 3,6-dioxa-2,4,5,7- etraoctane,2,2,4,4,5,5,7,7-octamethyl
(11.67 %) and cyclononane (10.66 %) dominating the total essential oil. Brine shrimp lethality test was carried out to determine the toxicity of the oils to living organisms (shrimps). LC50 value (μg/ml) of 1.0009 obtained showed that the essential oil of P. guajava stem bark was toxic. The antioxidant property of essential oil was investigated by measuring the decrease
in absorption at 517 nm of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) in a
UV/visible spectrophotometer. The oil showed better activity as a radical scavenger than α-tocopherol. The oil activity was 71.83 % at 0.2 mg/ml and the absorption is stoichiometric with respect to the number of electron taken up. Thus, the results of this study showed that the essential oil from P. guajava was not only toxic; it possessed antioxidant activity, which could exert beneficial actions against pathological alterations caused by the presence of highly
reactive free radicals. The toxicity of the oil can be taken advantage of in the therapy of diseases involving cell or tumor growth.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZIncreased serum IL-6 level time-dependently regulates hyperalgesia and spinal mu opioid receptor expression during CFA-induced arthritis
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27746
Title: Increased serum IL-6 level time-dependently regulates hyperalgesia and spinal mu opioid receptor expression during CFA-induced arthritis
Authors: Alani, B.; Maghsoudi, N.; Manaheji, H.; Tekieh, E.; Zardooz, H.; Zaringhalam, J.
Abstract: Interleukin (IL)-6 is known to cause pro- and anti-inflammatory effects during different stages of inflammation. Recent therapeutic investigations have focused on treatment of various inflammatory
disorders with anti-cytokine substances. As a result, the aim of this study was to
further elucidate the influence of IL-6 in hyperalgesia and edema during different stages of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis (AA) in male Wistar rats. AA was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of CFA into the rats’ hindpaw. Anti-IL-6 was administered either daily or weekly during the 21 days of study. Spinal mu opioid receptor (mOR) expression was detected by Western blotting. Daily and weekly treatment with an anti-IL-6 antibody significantly decreased paw edema in the AA group compared to the AA control group. Additionally, daily and weekly anti-IL-6 administration significantly reduced
hyperalgesia on day 7 in the AA group compared to the AA control group; however, there were significant increases in hyperalgesia in the antibody-treated group on days 14 and 21 compared to the AA control group. IL-6 antibody-induced increases in hyperalgesia on the 14th and 21st days after CFA injection correlated with a time-dependent, significant reduction
in spinal mOR expression during anti-IL-6 treatment. Our study confirmed the important
time-dependent relationship between serum IL-6 levels and hyperalgesia during AA. These
results suggest that the stages of inflammation in AA must be considered for anti-hyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory interventions via anti-IL-6 antibody treatment.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZBioactive 4-hydroxycinnamide and bioactivities of Polyalthia cerasoides
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27745
Title: Bioactive 4-hydroxycinnamide and bioactivities of Polyalthia cerasoides
Authors: Kiatfuengfoo, Rachada; Prachayasittikul, Supaluk; Prachayasittikul, Virapong; Ruchirawat, Somsak; Suksrichavalit, Thummaruk; Treeratanapiboon, Lertyot; Worachartcheewan, Apilak
Abstract: Constituents from Polyalthia cerasoides, stem bark methanol extract, were previously
documented. This study reports the first isolation of bioactive N-(4-hydroxy-β-phenethyl)-4-hydroxycinnamide (1) from ethyl acetate extract of the plant species including stigmasterol and a mixture of triterpenes from hexane and dichloromethane extracts. Trace essential elements were found in the hexane extract in ppm level. The plant extracts were evaluated for
their antimicrobial and antioxidative activities. The dichloromethane extract displayed the highest activity against Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC 10356 with MIC of 32 μg/mL, as well as, the highest SOD activity with an IC50 of 4.51 μg/mL.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZSerum leptin changes with metformin treatment in polycystic ovarian syndrome
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27744
Title: Serum leptin changes with metformin treatment in polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Rehan, H. S.; Seth, Vikas; Upadhyaya, Prerna
Abstract: The relationship between leptin, insulin resistance and other hormonal parameters in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is controversial. We investigated the effect of metformin on leptin levels in women with PCOS. Thirty women with PCOS received metformin 500 mg thrice a day. After two months of metformin treatment the mean leptin levels reduced significantly
(p < 0.001). Ovulation was achieved in 28 patients, who also had a significant reduction in leptin levels (p < 0.001). Leptin showed significant positive correlation with weight (p < 0.05) and testosterone (p < 0.01), but no significant correlation with insulin. It is concluded
that metformin reduces leptin resistance in PCOS women which induces ovulation. Leptin shows a significant correlation with testosterone and not with insulin.2011-05-17T00:00:00ZPhytochemical investigation, cytotoxicity and free radical scavenging activities of non-polar fractions of Acalypha hispida (leaves and twigs)
http://hdl.handle.net/2003/27743
Title: Phytochemical investigation, cytotoxicity and free radical scavenging activities of non-polar fractions of Acalypha hispida (leaves and twigs)
Authors: Afolabi, Q. O.; Oleyede, G. K.; Onocha, P. A.
Abstract: Free radicals are involved in the process of lipid peroxidation and play a cardinal role in numerous chronic diseases like cancer, coronary heart disease and ageing. Thus the ability to scavenge free radicals in order to minimize oxidative damage to living cells is very important. The hexane extract of Acalypha hispida (Burn F.) was screened for phytochemical constituents and was found to contain flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and alkaloids. Fractions obtained from chromatographic separation were screened for free radical scavenging activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide. Out of the sixteen pooled fractions (S1-S16) screened, compounds S10 (91.8 %), S11 (93.8 %), S14 (92.5 %) and S15 (91.4 %) at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml had significant antioxidant activities when
compared to the known antioxidant ascorbic acid (90.9 %). However, in the analysis using
hydrogen peroxide, S1 (99.5 %), S9 (99.2 %), S10 (95.4 %),S11 (95.8 %) and S15 (95.6 %) gave better activity than ascorbic acid (94.8 %), while only S1 and S9 were more effective than butylated hydroxylanisole (98.9 %) and α-Tocopherol (99.1 %) at the same concentration. The cytotoxicity analysis using the Brine Shrimp lethality test gave LC50 values greater than
1000 μg/ml for some of the fractions indicating very low level of toxicity. The better scavenging activity of A. hispida could be linked to the presence of secondary plant products like flavonoids and phenols, which have the ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions and lipid peroxy radicals.2011-05-17T00:00:00Z