Stuck in the driver’s seat: a conceptualisation for understanding car dependence and its determinants

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dc.contributor.authorCremer-Schulte, Matthias
dc.contributor.authorvan Wee, Bert
dc.contributor.authorHeinen, Eva
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-28T07:47:41Z
dc.date.available2025-08-28T07:47:41Z
dc.date.issued2024-11-25
dc.description.abstractCar dependence brings along many negative social and environmental externalities that policymakers and stakeholders need to consider. Nonetheless, the concept is not well defined and lacks a clear framework regarding its determinants and mechanisms, which also leads to problems in terms of its operationalisation. Therefore, this paper proposes a conceptualisation and operationalisation of car dependence, which can serve as a basis for further research and policy. We define car dependence as the extent to which an individual is incapable to participate in location-based activities without a car in a satisfactory way. This definition is based on the theoretical background of the capabilities approach and the concept of motility and also linked to the concept of accessibility. Our conceptual model consists of seven components, most of which have been considered separately in previous conceptualisations, namely the land use system, transport system, natural environment, temporal component, social environment, and individual objective/subjective characteristics. These components range from being external to the individual (e.g. the land use system) to internal (e.g. individual features). Considering these components jointly emphasises the importance of looking at car dependence in a holistic, unifying way. This approach contributes to a better understanding of car dependence that goes beyond the explicit analysis of components in previous research. In addition, we provide a systematic approach to operationalising car dependence that contributes to a more comparable approach to measuring car dependence. Researchers have to decide whether they want to examine car dependence via its components or via self-report by individuals, whether they want to study the full set of components or only a subset, and whether they want to consider perceptions or factual information about external components. Therefore, our conceptualisation and operationalisation provide valuable new insights into car dependence regarding new research directions and policy approaches.en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2003/43885
dc.language.isoen
dc.relation.ispartofseriesTransport reviews; 45(2)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectCar dependencyen
dc.subjectConceptualisationen
dc.subjectPerceptionsen
dc.subjectCar useen
dc.subjectResearch agendaen
dc.subjectOperationalisationen
dc.subject.ddc710
dc.titleStuck in the driver’s seat: a conceptualisation for understanding car dependence and its determinantsen
dc.typeText
dc.type.publicationtypeArticle
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
eldorado.dnb.deposittrue
eldorado.doi.registerfalse
eldorado.secondarypublicationtrue
eldorado.secondarypublication.primarycitationCremer-Schulte, M., van Wee, B., & Heinen, E. (2024). Stuck in the driver’s seat: a conceptualisation for understanding car dependence and its determinants. Transport Reviews, 45(2), 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2024.2430007
eldorado.secondarypublication.primaryidentifierhttps://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2024.2430007

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