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Reversal learning is influenced by cognitive flexibility and develops throughout early adolescence
(2025-05-12) Bamberg, Christoph; Weigelt, Sarah; Hagelweide, Klara
Learning behavioural responses and adapting them based on feedback is crucial from a young age, continuing to develop into young adulthood. This study examines the development trajectory and contributing factors from childhood to adulthood using a reversal learning paradigm. We tested 202 participants aged 10 to 22 in an online study, where they learned and reversed stimulus-outcome associations in a new blocked design paradigm and were assessed for working memory capacity. Results showed that reversal learning performance improved with age, particularly for 10- to 14-year-olds. Flexible responses to negative feedback correlated with better reversal learning. Additionally, pubertal development and working memory were positively associated with reversal learning. These findings align with previous research, highlighting flexible feedback responses as a key factor in reversal learning. As the overall rate of flexible reactions did not change with age, it could support reversal learning independent of age, potentially changing its role during development.
Reibung und Schmierung in der Spanbildungszone
(2025) Saelzer, Jannis; Biermann, Dirk; Elgeti, Stefanie
Bei der spanenden Fertigung zur Erzeugung zahlreicher industrieller Güter geht der Einsatz von Hartmetallwerkzeugen und Kühlschmierstoffen (KSS) mit einem hohen Energie- und Ressourcenverbrauch einher. Um die Werkzeugstandzeiten zu erhöhen und gleichzeitig die eingesetzten Mengen an KSS zu reduzieren, ist dieser zielgerichtet einzusetzen. Dies setzt wiederum ein fundamentales Verständnis der Wirkmechanismen von KSS voraus, was insbesondere in Bezug auf ihre Schmierwirkung bisher noch als unzureichend zu bezeichnen ist.
An diesem Punkt setzt die vorliegende Arbeit an, die das Ziel hat, auf Basis umfangreicher Grundlagenexperimente mit selbstentwickelten Methoden das technologische Verständnis der Wirkweise und -mechanismen von KSS zu erweitern und aus diesen Erkenntnissen ein neuartiges mikro-tribologisches Modell der Spanbildungszone zu entwickeln. Dazu werden zunächst Versuche zur Reibungscharakterisierung unter zerspanungsähnlichen Bedingungen durchgeführt, aus denen empirische Reibungsmodelle für numerische Spanbildungssimulationen abgeleitet werden können. Im Anschluss werden grundlegende Spanbildungsanalysen durchgeführt, aus denen sich Erkenntnisse über die Temperaturen im Span-Spanflächen-Kontakt sowie über die tribologische Wirkweise verschiedener Kühlschmierstoffe ziehen lassen. Dabei können insbesondere neuartige Erkenntnisse über die Wirkung von Schmierstoffen in Span-Kavitäten gewonnen werden, die das Bild der Schmierung in der Spanbildungszone erweitern. Die erstmalige Untersuchung von Quasikristallen als Festkörperadditive für Kühlschmierstoffe in der spanenden Fertigung, die eine hohe Wirksamkeit zeigen, runden die experimentellen Untersuchungen ab. Der darauf folgende Abschnitt zeigt auf, wie in enger Kooperation mit Partnern des Instituts für Leichtbau und Struktur-Biomechanik der TU Wien ein mikro-tribologisches Modell der Spanbildungszone entwickelt und parametriert wurde und welche weiteren Schritte für eine realitätsnahe Modellierung der tribologischen Wirkmechanismen, insbesondere im Span-Spanflächen-Kontakt, notwendig sind.
Sustaining Academic Freedom for Scholars at Risk
(2025-06-18) Artemenko, Natalia; Charaf, Kholoud; Newman, Jane O.; Postero, Nancy; Accilien, Cécile; Adams, Jessica; Sapiro, Gisèle; Cohen, Elsie; Loshakov, Ruslan; Sineokaya, Yulia
Evaluation der Einheitlichen Ansprechstellen für Arbeitgeber
(2025) Lamb, Sarah; Jochmaring, Jan; Kuhn, Jörg-Tobias; Pelka, Bastian; Schulze, Sarah; York, Jana
Land expropriation policy and its impacts on agricultural land consumption
(2025) Mohammed, Brjin Safar; Gruehn, Dietwald; Baumgart, Sabine
Expropriating agricultural land for urbanization is widespread in developing countries, justified legally to serve the public interest, with affected people receiving fair compensation. However, implementing this policy carries severe consequences, primarily consuming vast fertile agricultural land. In Iraq, particularly in the Kurdistan Region, historical, political, and economic circumstances have been crucial in developing this policy and its applications. Population growth, economic considerations, and institutional factors have accelerated land expropriation to meet the
rising demand.
Over the past three decades, the cities of the Kurdistan Region have developed rapidly, depleting their fertile lands through expropriation. This development has resulted in numerous social, economic, and environmental consequences and institutional conflicts. This study examines approaches to facilitate sustainable land expropriation, focusing on the Kurdistan Region and a more in-depth analysis of the Semel and Zakho territories. In the view of the principles of good governance approach, the research finds an interaction between these principles and the expropriation policy through a detailed review of this policy and a study of its consequences, including intensive land consumption. Furthermore, the study delves into the driving forces behind expropriation and evaluates its intensifying influence on accelerating expropriation.
The ethodology is designed to follow an appropriate research strategy and establish adequate data collection and analysis methods. Based on various criteria, the study has selected Semel and Zakho areas, achieving a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of agricultural land expropriation, the factors influencing it, and the regulatory framework in the given context. The study utilizes quantitative and qualitative research techniques, including document and archive analysis, observation, and in-depth interviews. The findings of this research are shown in the form of a conceptual proposal outlining transparency, participation, accountability, the rule of law and justice, equity, and the interviewee's perception as criteria for sustainable land expropriation in the selected areas and the Kurdistan Region. Moreover, this research recommends general strategies as the essential base for shifting toward an efficient expropriation policy. The recommendations are closely related to the expropriation legal and institutional framework and its consequences.