Review Articles

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    Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors
    Ardeystr. 67
    D-44139 Dortmund
    Germany
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    Immunomodulation and anticancer potentials of yogurt probiotic
    (2008-10-30T09:06:21Z) Jha, Alok; Mishra, Vijendra Kumar; Mohammad, Ghulam
    Probiotics are defined as live microbial food ingredients that produce several beneficial ef-fects to human health. Probiotic bacteria have been mostly investigated in the prevention and treatment of different gastrointestinal diseases and allergies. Probiotic products, however, are usually consumed by the general, healthy population but not much is known on their immu-nomodulatory effects in healthy adults. It is not fully clear how probiotics exert their benefi-cial effects on health, but one of the most probable mechanisms of action is the modulation of immune responses via the mucosal immune system of the gut. Yogurt is one of the products that produce several beneficial effects on human health. The potentials of yogurt in various ways like improving immune system balancing gut micro flora, enhance immunity. The pur-pose of the present study was to review the immunomodulatory properties of yogurt contain-ing probiotic strains. Role of yogurt as probiotic in improvement of immunity, production of cytokines and on immune function has been evaluated. Taken together, all the beneficial im-munological potentials of yogurt in probiotic immunotherapy could be of clinical signifi-cance. The mechanisms of specific host-probiotic interactions in the gut resulting in systemic and clinical effects warrants further investigations.
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    Rotavirus infection
    (2008-09-10T09:50:03Z) Surendran, Sankar
    Rotavirus infection causing gastroenteritis is one of the major health concerns throughout the world. Millions of children are affected by the disease. Studying molecular mechanism and pathophysiology of the disease is important to understand and interpret possible therapeutical targets. Studies suggest that rotavirus infection alters phosphorylation of p70S6K, mitogen activated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and myosin light chain; induced inflammatory agents such as prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide levels; and enhanced corticosterone levels to damage villi enterocytes in the small intestine. These changes lead to malabsorption, abnormal motility and diarrhea. Although Rotarix and RotaTeq vaccines are available, proposals are emerged to produce new candidate vaccines.
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    Arsenic, GSTO2 Asp142 polymorphism, health and treatment
    (2008-04-29) Masoudi, Mohammad; Saadat, Mostafa
    Arsenic is a natural metallic element found in low concentrations in virtually every part of the environment, including waters and foods. The ingestion of arsenic by humans can cause a variety of disorders. Glutathione S-transferase omega (GSTO) is a member of phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. GSTO2 (a member of GST omega) participates in detoxification of inorganic arsenic. In human, the A>G transition at nucleotide position 424 of GSTO2 was reported. This variation causes an Asn142Asp substitution. The Asp142 allozyme was expressed at approximately 80 % of the level of Asn142 allozyme. It is hypothesized that the GSTO2 polymorphism may alter the risk of several diseases which are related to chronic arsenic poisoning. On the other hand, because arsenic trioxide is used for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia; it is possible that Asn142 allozyme may decrease the therapeutic effect(s) of the drug.
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    DNA damage
    (2008-03-04) Kumari, Sunita; Rastogi, Rajesh P.; Singh, Kanchan L.; Singh, Shailendra P.; Sinha, Rajeshwar P.
    Even under the best of circumstances, DNA is constantly subjected to chemical modifications. Several types of DNA damage such as SSB (single strand break), DSB (double strand break), CPDs (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers), 6-4PPs (6-4 photoproducts) and their Dewar valence isomers have been identified that result from alkylating agents, hydrolytic deamination, free radicals and reactive oxygen species formed by various photochemical processes including UV radiation. There are a number of strategies such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), comet, halo, TUNEL (Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling) assay, HPLC-Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization), FCM (Flow cytometry), annexin V labeling, immunological assays including immunofluorescent and chemiluminescence thymine dimer detection, immunohistochemical assay, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Radio immunoassay (RIA), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electrochemical methods, that are commonly used to detect DNA damage in various organisms. The main aim of this review is to present a brief account of the above mentioned DNA damage detection strategies for the convenience of interested readers.