Baubetriebliche Untersuchungen und Optimierungsansätze von schallschutztechnisch relevanten Innenbauteilen im Mehrfamilienwohnungsbau
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Date
2000-02-21
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Universität Dortmund
Abstract
Die vorliegende Untersuchung bietet ein Rechenverfahren zur wirtschaftlichen Optimierung des geforderten Schallschutzniveaus. Sie zeigt unter Berücksichtigung der Nutzerwünsche -nach höherem Schallschutz - stichprobenartig die Akzeptanz der VDI 4100 als "Gegennorm" zur öffentlich-rechtlich verbindlichen DIN 4109 auf. Mit Hilfe dieses Rechenverfahrens werden folgende Fragen zur Wirtschaftlichkeit des Schallschutzes bzgl. Normung und Konstruktion beantwortet:
1. Welche Kostensteigerung ergibt sich aus der Erhöhung des Schallschutzniveaus (VDI 4100 SSt I bis III) in Abhängigkeit von der Ausführungsart ?
2. Welche Kosteneinflüsse ergeben sich aus unterschiedlichen Grundrißgestaltungen ?
3. Wie hoch sind die zu erwartenden Kostensteigerungen, die sich aus der geplanten DIN EN 12354 ergeben ?
4. Bietet ein Wechsel der Konstruktionsmethoden, z.B. Entkopplung von Gebäudefunktionen, Vorteile für hochwertigen und wirtschaftlichen Schallschutz ?
5. Wie müssen zukünftige Entwicklungen für einen erhöhten Schallschutz konzipiert sein, damit sie wirtschaftlich sind, welche am Bau beteiligten Personen haben diesbezüglich einen Einfluß ?
Die Aussagen der Untersuchung sind auf der Basis des noch unvollständigen bauphysikalischen Schallschutzmodells abgeleitet worden. Diesbezüglich sind jedoch für die mittelfristige Entwicklung keine gravierenden Änderungen zu erwarten, die Aussagen werden weiterhin Gültigkeit behalten.
Als wesentliche Ergebnisse der Untersuchung ergeben sich folgende Antworten auf die obigen Fragen:
Zu 1. Die Umsetzung der SSt II und besonders der SSt III erfordert einen hohen technischen Aufwand und ist mit deutlich höheren Baukosten verbunden. Ein Aufstieg von den Mindestanforderungen der DIN 4109, gleichzusetzen mit der SSt I der VDI 4100, in die Schallschutzstufe II der VDI bedeutet etwa 5 Prozent höhere Baukosten. Um von der SSt I in die SSt III, also dem Grenzbereich des z.Z. technisch Machbaren zu gelangen, sind bereits 10 Prozent höhere Baukosten aufzuwenden. Die Vermutungen der VDI 4100 Kritiker haben sich bestätigt, i.a. ist die Anwendung der Richtlinie mit hohen Kosten verbunden. Aber auch Vermutungen der Befürworter der VDI 4100 konnten bestätigt werden. So können intelligente Konstruktionen den Kostenanstieg deutlich verringern. Bei einer Ausführung mit Ständerwerkwänden ist eine Schallschutzanhebung von der SSt I bzw. DIN 4109 in Mauerwerk nach SSt II in Trockenbau ohne Baukostenerhöhung möglich.
Zu 2. Kosteneinflüsse durch unterschiedliche Grundrißgestaltungen konnten nicht festgestellt werden.
Zu 3. Die DIN EN 12354 als Nachfolgerin der DIN 4109 Bbl. 1 ist in seinen Berechnungs- und Bemessungsformeln sehr komplex, es fehlen zudem viele erforderliche Meßwerte. Unter diesen Vorbehalten wurden verschiedene Schallschutzniveaus kostenmäßig untersucht. Es konnten Kostensteigerungen gegenüber dem Berechnungsverfahren für Massivbauten nach DIN 4109 Beiblatt 1 von 0,2 % für die SSt I, 0,5 % für die SSt II und 1,0 % für die SSt III ermittelt werden.
Zu 4. In Verbindung mit kostensparendem Bauen sind neue Strategien erforderlich, um u.a. den Schallschutz kostengünstig zu realisieren. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß sich die traditionellen Massivbauweisen bei den hohen Schallschutzempfehlungen der Schallschutzstufen II und III extrem unwirtschaftlich verhalten, was vor allem durch die erforderliche hohe flächenbezogene Masse bei den flankierenden Bauteilen und den damit verbundenen Wohnflächenverlußten begründet ist. Der Trend zu leichten Trockenbauweisen hin, weg von relativ leichten "klopffesten" Wänden aus Massivbaustoffen innerhalb der Wohnung, zeigt sich auch beim kostengünstigen Schallschutz als ein zukunftsweisender Weg. Ansätze in Richtung einer modularen Bauweise mit optimierten Teilsystemen, ähnlich dem Skelettbau, bieten die Basis für eine weitere Forschung zum Wohnhaus mit hohen Anforderungs- und Qualitätsstandards bei niedrigen Herstellkosten.
Zu 5. Die Entwicklungen von Gebäuden mit höherem Schallschutz, also Schallschutzniveau VDI 4100 SSt II und III, wird für den wirtschaftlichen Wohnungsbau im wesentlichen von Systemherstellern zu erwarten sein, die mehrschalige Produkte durch Entwicklung und Werksvorfertigung systematisch optimieren und in der Qualität sichern können.
Die Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Kostenabschätzung der aktuellen Schallschutznormung, zeigt die potentiellen Konsequenzen höherer Schallschutzanforderungen für verschiedene Bauweisen auf und bietet Kostenplanungsinstrumente für die Planer an. Sie ordnet die Schallschutznormung, -planung und -entwicklung nach ökonomischen Kriterien und zeigt aus dieser Sicht zukünftige Forschungs- und Entwicklungstendenzen auf.
The investigations into interior building elements in multi-family dwellings answer various questions regarding cost-effective noise control. Standards versus the under public law binding DIN 4109 prove to be not as practicable as presumed. The implementation of the noise control level SSt II and especially the SSt III requires high technical expense and involves significantly higher construction costs. Increasing the minimal requirements described in the DIN 4109 - which is equal to the SSt I of the VDI 4100 - from SSt I of the VDI to SSt II implies a rise in construction costs of roughly 5 %. To get from SSt I to SSt III, which is the limit of what can be possibly achieved at the moment, the increase in costs is even 10 %. Therefore the presumptions of critics concerning the VDI 4100 proved to be correct as generally the use of this standard is combined with high costs. The VDI 4100 isn't necessarily doomed to failure but has certainly lost some of its reputation. A harmonisation with a highly regarded standard such as the DIN 4109 would help to increase its acceptance. But also presumptions of supporters of the VDI 4100 could be confirmed. Intelligent constructions can reduce the rise in costs significantly. A post-and-beam construction for interior walls can rise the noise control level from the SSt I or DIN 4109 in masonry to a SSt III in dry construction with a cost rise of only 2 %, an increase still acceptable for the client. Especially with cost-saving construction methods new strategies are necessary to implement cost-effective noise control. Traditional solid construction has proved to be very uneconomic regarding the high requirements of the noise control levels II and III because the necessary area-related mass of the flanking building elements is very high and therefore causes a loss in living area. Especially the loss of living space, resulting in a reduction of rental and selling price, often decides whether or not the multi-family dwelling will be an economic success for the client. Therefore the development from relatively light-weight interior walls made of solid members towards walls in dry construction represents a future-oriented alternative. In combination with other potentials, e. g. prefabrication, many new promising products can be expected in the upcoming years which will delight the client in the prospect of quality, cost and time. This piece of work supplies the reader with the fundamentals for an optimization of multi-family dwellings, especially in the regard of a noise control optimization. The presented estimating scheme offers the possibility of cost-effective planning without big time expenses. Various references to building elements and their bond to the building enables the planners to a more efficient noise control planning in regard of costs and quality. Starting points for a module construction method with optimized substructures, similar to frame construction, provide the fundamentals for further research in the field of residential buildings with high quality standards and low construction costs. This tendency can already be seen in several firms which try to gain additional market share by using innovative building products. Especially in regard of the progressing harmonisation of the European market, costs and quality are highly important to be competitive. This report comprises seven chapters which are subdivided into various paragraphs. Chapter 1 describes the task and target of the report and marks off the content. Chapter 2 explains the fundamentals of sound and building acoustics, especially the negative impact sound can have on the tenants. Furthermore it presents the relevant standards, regulations and overall accepted technical proceedings which have to be considered to limit the amount of disturbing sound, and how noise control is implemented in the field of housing nowadays. Chapter 3 presents suggestions and fundamentals in construction for an economic noise control within the different project phases. General statements are made about the overall procedures in planning and construction. The paragraphs of this chapter describe the various project phases in which the noise control can be influenced on different levels. Detailed analyses on costs of building elements / work sections, which can influence the noise control, are undertaken in chapter 4. Thus an economic evaluation of the construction is introduced and later on proceeded in more detail. Chapter 5 presents a method for the analysis of noise control costs in dependence upon the various noise control levels. Thus the basic information for a calculation of the construction costs needed in chapter 6 is provided. Forms are introduced in chapter 6 which help to analyse the costs of noise control in multi-family dwellings. These cost analyses are based on identical ground plans (except for the various thickness of the building elements) and the different realized noise control levels I, II and III. The used ground plans are fictitious but oriented on real construction projects and furthermore correspond to today's customary multi-family dwellings. In order to take into account various room and floor arrangements with different problems in noise control, a number of different types of ground plans are treated. These investigations are based on the analyses regarding the economic efficiency which are described in chapter 4 and take the complex noise control-related coherence of the different building elements into consideration. An approach to cost optimization in noise control is made in chapter 7 by dividing the construction into substructures, thus allowing optimization.
The investigations into interior building elements in multi-family dwellings answer various questions regarding cost-effective noise control. Standards versus the under public law binding DIN 4109 prove to be not as practicable as presumed. The implementation of the noise control level SSt II and especially the SSt III requires high technical expense and involves significantly higher construction costs. Increasing the minimal requirements described in the DIN 4109 - which is equal to the SSt I of the VDI 4100 - from SSt I of the VDI to SSt II implies a rise in construction costs of roughly 5 %. To get from SSt I to SSt III, which is the limit of what can be possibly achieved at the moment, the increase in costs is even 10 %. Therefore the presumptions of critics concerning the VDI 4100 proved to be correct as generally the use of this standard is combined with high costs. The VDI 4100 isn't necessarily doomed to failure but has certainly lost some of its reputation. A harmonisation with a highly regarded standard such as the DIN 4109 would help to increase its acceptance. But also presumptions of supporters of the VDI 4100 could be confirmed. Intelligent constructions can reduce the rise in costs significantly. A post-and-beam construction for interior walls can rise the noise control level from the SSt I or DIN 4109 in masonry to a SSt III in dry construction with a cost rise of only 2 %, an increase still acceptable for the client. Especially with cost-saving construction methods new strategies are necessary to implement cost-effective noise control. Traditional solid construction has proved to be very uneconomic regarding the high requirements of the noise control levels II and III because the necessary area-related mass of the flanking building elements is very high and therefore causes a loss in living area. Especially the loss of living space, resulting in a reduction of rental and selling price, often decides whether or not the multi-family dwelling will be an economic success for the client. Therefore the development from relatively light-weight interior walls made of solid members towards walls in dry construction represents a future-oriented alternative. In combination with other potentials, e. g. prefabrication, many new promising products can be expected in the upcoming years which will delight the client in the prospect of quality, cost and time. This piece of work supplies the reader with the fundamentals for an optimization of multi-family dwellings, especially in the regard of a noise control optimization. The presented estimating scheme offers the possibility of cost-effective planning without big time expenses. Various references to building elements and their bond to the building enables the planners to a more efficient noise control planning in regard of costs and quality. Starting points for a module construction method with optimized substructures, similar to frame construction, provide the fundamentals for further research in the field of residential buildings with high quality standards and low construction costs. This tendency can already be seen in several firms which try to gain additional market share by using innovative building products. Especially in regard of the progressing harmonisation of the European market, costs and quality are highly important to be competitive. This report comprises seven chapters which are subdivided into various paragraphs. Chapter 1 describes the task and target of the report and marks off the content. Chapter 2 explains the fundamentals of sound and building acoustics, especially the negative impact sound can have on the tenants. Furthermore it presents the relevant standards, regulations and overall accepted technical proceedings which have to be considered to limit the amount of disturbing sound, and how noise control is implemented in the field of housing nowadays. Chapter 3 presents suggestions and fundamentals in construction for an economic noise control within the different project phases. General statements are made about the overall procedures in planning and construction. The paragraphs of this chapter describe the various project phases in which the noise control can be influenced on different levels. Detailed analyses on costs of building elements / work sections, which can influence the noise control, are undertaken in chapter 4. Thus an economic evaluation of the construction is introduced and later on proceeded in more detail. Chapter 5 presents a method for the analysis of noise control costs in dependence upon the various noise control levels. Thus the basic information for a calculation of the construction costs needed in chapter 6 is provided. Forms are introduced in chapter 6 which help to analyse the costs of noise control in multi-family dwellings. These cost analyses are based on identical ground plans (except for the various thickness of the building elements) and the different realized noise control levels I, II and III. The used ground plans are fictitious but oriented on real construction projects and furthermore correspond to today's customary multi-family dwellings. In order to take into account various room and floor arrangements with different problems in noise control, a number of different types of ground plans are treated. These investigations are based on the analyses regarding the economic efficiency which are described in chapter 4 and take the complex noise control-related coherence of the different building elements into consideration. An approach to cost optimization in noise control is made in chapter 7 by dividing the construction into substructures, thus allowing optimization.
Description
Table of contents
Keywords
Schallschutz, Wohnungsbau, DIN 4109, VDI 4100, Baukosten, Kosten