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Impact of climate change on agricultural production and food security: a case study in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam
(2024-09-06) Greiving, Stefan; Phuong, Tran Trong; Vien, Tran Duc; Son, Cao Truong; Thuy, Doan Thanh
Vietnam is a country highly vulnerable to climate change. Specifically, climate change has seriously impacted all aspects of Vietnam’s economic and social life, especially agricultural production. In this article, we focus on analyzing the current situation and the impacts of climate change on agricultural production and food security in Vietnam, especially in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) region. Vietnam’s climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5) have warned of serious increases in temperature, rainfall, and sea level rises for the MRD in coming times. This will lead to a risk of flooding in nearly 50% of the region’s area and will seriously affect agricultural production in many aspects such as soil quality degradation, scarcity of water resources, increased droughts and floods, reduced crop productivity, and so on. These impacts will reduce Vietnam’s food supply capacity, but do not compromise national food security from a short-term perspective. Faced with this situation, the Government of Vietnam has implemented many comprehensive measures to transform agriculture towards ecology, sustainability, and low carbon emissions, with the goal of green growth and neutral carbon emissions by 2050. In particular, the focus is on combining nature-based solutions with the application of modern science and technology in agricultural production, raising awareness and the response capacity of domestic people, with international cooperation in addressing climate change issues.
Konzeptpapier Erzähl Connect
(2024-11-05) Özcan, Hilal Arife; Fuchs, Marisa
Das Konzeptpapier zum Erzählformat "Erzähl Connect" zeigt, warum das Erzählen persönlicher Erlebnisse nicht nur für das individuelle Wohlbefinden wichtig ist, sondern auch entscheidend zum gesellschaftlichen Zusammenleben und der Stärkung der Resilienz von Gemeinschaften beitragen kann. Es beleuchtet, wie das Erzähl Connect gerade in Krisenzeiten, wie etwa nach einer Katastrophe, helfen kann, das Erlebte (gemeinsam) zu verarbeiten und neue Netzwerke und den Zusammenhalt in der Gemeinschaft aufzubauen. Das Konzeptpapier gibt umfassende Einblicke in den Ablauf eines Erzähl Connects, was es auszeichnet und wie sich dieses Format optimal vorbereiten lässt. Das Konzeptpapier richtet sich an alle Interessierte (ob aus öffentlichen Verwaltungen, der Zivilgesellschaft oder Wissenschaft), die ein Erzähl Connect ausrichten möchten.
Analysing factors influencing land use planning for sustainable land resource management in Vietnam: a case study of Dan Phuong district in Hanoi city
(2023-12-05) Trong, Phuong Tran; Duc, Vien Tran; Truong, Son Cao; Thanh, Thuy Doan; Huu, Duong Nong; Scholz, Wolfgang
Land use planning is an important task for every country in the world to ensure the sustainable use of land resources for economic and social development activities. However, many land use plans have not achieved their desired effectiveness due to a lack of consideration and evaluation of factors affecting the land use planning implementation process. This study was conducted to answer the following question: what are the main factors influencing the land use planning process in Vietnam? In this study, we use multivariate regression to identify the main factors influencing land use planning in Vietnam, including the economic factor group; institutional and policy factor group; urbanisation factor group; planning factor group; social factor group; environmental factor group; and organisational and implementation factor group. The results identified five groups of factors influencing land use planning in the Dan Phuong district through the influencing factor analysis method, including policy (Po), economy (Ec), society (So), environment (En), and others (Ot). In addition, the linear regression model obtained for land use planning in Dan Phuong district is as follows: land use planning = 0.408Po + 0.454Ec + 0.398So + 0.368En + 0.259Ot. In which the group of factors with the strongest influence was the Eco factors (β = 0.454), the second was the Po factors (β = 0.408), the third was the So factors (β = 0.398), the fourth was the En factors (β = 0.368), and lastly, there were the Ot factors (β = 0.259). The results of the analysis were used to plan land use effectively and according to local conditions. This can help managers to find solutions for the sustainable use of land resources in the future.
Implementation of risk-based approaches in urban land use planning - the example of the city of Erftstadt, Germany
(2023-10-26) Greiving, Stefan; Kruse, Philip; Othmer, Felix; Fleischhauer, Mark; Fuchs, Marisa
This article presents the testing of the principle of risk-based planning using the example of the city of Erftstadt, Germany, which was affected by the devastating flood of 2021. The basis of this article was a simulated land use plan approval procedure for a flood-prone site in the urban district of Erftstadt-Liblar. In the contributions, the contents of the environmental report relating to effects to be expected for disasters as well as designations of a risk-based flood-proofed land use plan are presented. As a result of the gaming simulation, the hazard zone plan proves to be a suitable instrument for operationalizing the consideration of flood prevention in risk-prone areas. The simulation also provides evidence that it is possible to implement a risk-based approach within the current legal planning framework in Germany that is laid down by the Federal Building Code (BauGB). Innovative elements are the considerations of the protection worthiness of different types of infrastructures by spatially and contextually differentiated designations. The hazard zone concept, as such, and the findings of the gaming simulation will be used by the state planning authority for an amendment of the regional plan of North-Rhine Westphalia and will therefore be mandatory for the land use planning of all municipalities.
Handlungsleitfaden zur Entwicklung von klimawandelangepassten Industrie- und Gewerbegebieten
(2021-09-30) Abromeit, Henrike; Christian, Tilman; Ernst, Helge; Fuchs, Marisa; Greiving, Stefan; Keulen, Jacqueline; Schmitt, Jörg Peter; Vielhauer, Lea Sophie
Dieser Leitfaden bündelt Informationsgrundlagen, Kernerkenntnisse, mögliche Vorgehensweisen und Praxistipps aus dem Projekt KlimaWaGe, die dabei helfen sollen, eine Grundlage für Projekte der Bestands- und Neuentwicklung sowie Umplanung von klimawandelangepassten Industrie- und Gewerbegebieten in deutschen Kommunen zu schaffen. Der Fokus liegt dabei einerseits auf methodischen Empfehlungen zur Ermittlung von Klimawandelfolgen in Industrie- und Gewerbegebieten und andererseits auf übertragbaren Maßnahmen für deren Entwicklung. Dabei wird teilweise zwischen Neuentwicklung, Umbau und Bestandsentwicklung unterschieden. Der Leitfaden richtet sich in erster Linie an Akteur*innen in deutschen Städten und Gemeinden sowie in der Forschung und Planung, denn ihnen kommt eine bedeutende Rolle in der Klimaanpassung zu. Er soll Anreiz sein für Anpassungsmaßnahmen zur KIG-Entwicklung und Hilfestellung, diese als sektorübergreifende Prozesse zu verstehen. Im Sinne einer besseren Verständlichkeit und Übertragbarkeit werden konkrete Erkenntnisse aus dem Leuchtturmvorhaben in der Stadt Bottrop beispielhaft vorgestellt und mit allgemeinen Betrachtungen verknüpft.
Informal settlement resilience upgrading-approaches and applications from a cross-country perspective in three selected metropolitan regions of Southeast Asia
(2022-07-22) Du, Juan; Greiving, Stefan; Yap, David Leonides T.
Managing climate change is synonymous to managing cities and their growth. To shoulder the challenge of climate change adaptation, informal settlement upgrading in the global south has amounted to the importance of being attuned with the growth of its city and region at large. Changing the paradigm of on-site upgrading to being community-driven and city-led with domestic funding unlocks potentials for community resilience building, especially in countries that strive for inclusive growth. This research looks into informal settlement development dynamics and its resilience stance in conjunction of the metropolitan growth in three Southeast Asian countries. Greater Manila Area, Bangkok Metropolitan Region and Hanoi Capital Region serve as the backdrop for this investigation. The research mainly addresses informal settlement upgrading roles, mechanism and approaches for resilience building in these three metropolises, meanwhile also unveiling their city-regional development needs. The methodological approach of this study is highly participatory, demonstrating a hybrid of multi-spectrum stakeholder workshops, online surveys (due to COVID), expert interviews, project interim reports and correspondence with the local expert team in the three countries, etc. The paper attempts at providing a cross-country appraisal of the central strategies of informal settlement upgrading, related institutional constellations and upgrading applications along with the three metropolises’ urban development. This attempt accentuates the pressing needs of mitigating multi-facet vulnerability of informal communities, who are the most adversely affected by climate change and rampant urbanization. Further, this research will also reveal the mindset change of how decision-makers and the public contemplate upgrading objectives, e.g., recasting secure tenure instruments.
Potential impact assessment of climate-related hazards on urban public health services: interaction of changing climate-related hazards and urban development in the future, Khon Kaen City, Thailand
(2021) Puntub, Wiriya; Greiving, Stefan; Birkmann, Jörn
Current understanding of the interactions between the future urban development change and climate change in the local context, considering infrastructure operation & functionality, is still primitive, especially in public health services. This study offers a climate-resilient operationalization framework for urban public health services considering the interaction between urban development change and climate change across scales, the so-called Health Integrative Climate Resilience and Adaptation Future (HICRAF). HICRAF integrates collaborative scenario planning and composite indicators developed based on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) 's climate risk concept. It combines a mixed-methods approach of quantitative and qualitative techniques and demonstrates how different methods and scales (spatial and temporal) can be linked and create new knowledge on cascading risk patterns in a medium-sized city with a universal health care coverage setting; Khon Kaen city, Thailand. The results show that the approach allows local public health care to operationalize their potential impact and climate-resilient targets in a forward-looking manner with multiple service operation aspects. The scenario assessment outcomes prove that public health devotions can help their operation and functionality fail-safe when confronting future climatic and non-climatic challenges. However, achieving climate-resilient targets requires sectoral integration with urban development and health determining domains. Hence, more integrated spatial planning of public health services and critically revisiting conventional cost-benefit assessments on public health infrastructure investment are key entry points for creating climate-resilient urban health services. In addition to addressing missing links between global climate trajectories and local climate adaptation scenarios that involved stakeholders' normative judgements and cross-sectoral interests. HICRAF highlights a clear constraint of applying a purely place-based concept on climate vulnerability/risk assessment in reflecting the realities of network operation and functionality of urban systems. Thus, the co-existing paradox between the place-based and network-based concepts should be investigated further in climate vulnerability/risk assessment studies. Furthermore, exploration and disputation of HICRAF and its composite indicators with a wider scale and diversified settings are invited to enhance its robustness and universality.
Advanced operationalization framework for climate-resilient urban public health care services
(2022-01-24) Puntub, Wiriya; Greiving, Stefan
Conventional local public health planning and monitoring are insufficiently addressing the conjugated impact of urban development change and climate change in the future. The existing checklist and index often ignore the spatial-network interaction determining urban public health services in forward-looking aspects. This study offers and demonstrates a climate-resilient operationalization framework for urban public health services considering the interaction between urban development change and climate change across scales. A combination of collaborative scenario planning and tailor-made composite indicators were applied based on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)’s climate risk concept to adhere to local realities and diverse sets of scenarios. The framework was contested in a medium-sized city with a universal health care coverage setting, Khon Kaen city, Thailand. The results show that the coupling of collaborative scenario planning and composite indicators allows local public health care to operationalize their potential impact and climate-resilient targets in the future(s) in multiple service operation aspects. The scenarios assessment outcomes prove that although public health devotion can be fail-safe, achieving climate-resilient targets requires sectoral integration with urban development and health determining domains. Further exploration and disputation of the framework with a wider scale and diversified settings are recommended to enhance their robustness and universality.
Appropriate housing typologies, effective land management and the question of density in Muscat, Oman
(2021-11-18) Scholz, Wolfgang
The Sultanate of Oman has been undergoing massive changes in the last 50 years. The Gulf State transformed from a very traditional and isolated country into a wealthy and modern state. After Sultan Said was enthroned in 1970, the young Sultan Qaboos, who passed away in 2020, began to modernise Oman’s economy and society. Today, widespread, single-family houses are the prevailing residential building type, with an urban sprawl characterised by mono-functional zoning and a dependency on motorized individual transport with long commuting distances. All these conditions have been strongly supported by governmental planning policies. Since this urban sprawl causes unsustainable land consumption, this study addresses options for urban development and housing typologies aiming at a compact city with a higher density. However, the term density has to reflect local cultural and climatic conditions and, in time of the pandemic as special focus of this issue, has to be critically discussed and reviewed. Thus, this study identifies, as a base line study in Muscat Capital Area, Omani residents’ housing needs by an online questionnaire survey focusing on housing layouts, features and locational preferences, exploring alternatives to the current situation. Findings are that housing needs do not necessarily demand a single-family building but can be achieved better by different housing layouts, at the same time supporting social distances measures via outdoor options during the pandemic.
Comparing climate impact assessments for rural adaptation planning in Germany and the Netherlands
(2021-08-19) Wright, Juliane; Flacke, Johannes; Schmitt, Jörg Peter; Schultze, Jürgen; Greiving, Stefan
The consensus nowadays is that there is a need to adapt to increasingly occurring climate impacts by means of adaptation plans. However, only a minority of European cities has an approved climate adaptation plan by now. To support stakeholder dialogue and decision-making processes in climate adaptation planning, a detailed spatial information and evidence base in terms of a climate impact assessment is needed. This article aims to compare the climate impact assessment done in the context of two regional climate change adaptation planning processes in a Dutch and a German region. To do so, a comparison of guidelines and handbooks, methodological approaches, available data, and resulting maps and products is conducted. Similarities and differences between the two approaches with a particular focus on the input and output of such analysis are identified and both processes are assessed using a set of previously defined quality criteria. Both studies apply a similar conceptualisation of climate impacts and focus strongly on issues concerning their visualisation and communication. At the same time, the methods of how climate impacts are calculated and mapped are quite different. The discussion and conclusion section highlights the need to systematically consider climatic and socio-economic changes when carrying out a climate impact assessment, to focus on a strong visualisation of results for different stakeholder groups, and to link the results to planning processes and especially funding opportunities.
Umweltgerechtigkeit in der Stadtregion Ruhr
(2021-08-03) Fuchs, Marisa
Das Konzept der Umweltgerechtigkeit (UG) bezieht sich inhaltlich auf die Beziehung zwischen der sozialen Lage einer Person, ihrer lokalen Umwelt und Gesundheit. Dabei wird die sozialräumliche Verteilung von Umweltbelastungen und -ressourcen in den Blick genommen. Somit vereint das Umweltgerechtigkeitskonzept ökologische und soziale Anforderungen an den Siedlungsraum. Anknüpfungspunkte für die Stadtplanung und -entwicklung finden sich in vielen informellen Zielsetzungen und formalen Regelwerken wieder, angefangen von den international anerkannten Sustainable Development Goals der Agenda 2030 der Vereinten Nationen bis hin zum deutschen Grundgesetz, dem Raumordnungsgesetz und dem Baugesetzbuch. Als Informations- und Entscheidungsgrundlage ist eine (räumliche) Untersuchung der Umweltgerechtigkeit notwendig, aus der sich geeignete fachübergreifende und sektorale Strategien und Ziele, wie zum Beispiel für die Wohnraum- sowie Freiraum- und Grünflächenversorgung, ableiten lassen. Da insbesondere in der stark verflochtenen Stadtregion Ruhr Umweltbelastungen und -ressourcen über kommunale Grenzen hinweg wirken bzw. in Anspruch genommen werden, ist eine Untersuchung auf regionaler Ebene zu empfehlen, die kleinräumig genug ist, um auch kommunale Strategien ableiten zu können. Dafür sind bei der Wahl der Indikatoren und Datengrundlagen theoretische, methodische, praktische und institutionelle Anforderungen zu erfüllen. Entsprechend dieser Anforderungen schlägt dieses Papier Indikatoren und Datengrundlagen für eine Untersuchung in der Stadtregion Ruhr vor.
Supplement zu: Was heißt hier eigentlich ‚kritisch‘?
(2020) Schmitt, Hanna Christine; Greiving, Stefan
Was heißt hier eigentlich ‚kritisch‘?
(2020) Schmitt, Hanna Christine; Greiving, Stefan; Birkmann, Jörn
Kritische Infrastrukturen (KRITIS) sind komplexe, hochgradig vernetzte Systeme, die aufgrund der von ihnen erbrachten Versorgungsleistungen von unerlässlicher, ‚kritischer‘ Relevanz für moderne Gesellschaften sind. Gemäß § 2 Abs. 2 Nr. 3 Satz 4 des Raumordnungsgesetzes (ROG) ist „[d]em Schutz kritischer Infrastrukturen [..] Rechnung zu tragen“, was KRITIS in ihrem funktionalen, grenz- und systemüberschreitenden Charakter zu einer Aufgabe der Raumordnung macht. Diese Dissertation schafft eine Evidenzgrundlage zum Umgang mit KRITIS, indem Verständnis- und Operationalisierungsgrundlagen entwickelt werden, die KRITIS als komplexes System-von-Systemen (be-)greifbar machen. Dabei wird zunächst Kritikalität theoretisch erfasst, als distinktes Konzept entwickelt und die Notwendigkeit eines integrierten Kritikalitätsverständnisses argumentiert. Diese Grundlagen werden in einen Operationalisierungsansatzes überführt, der das sog. ‚Systemische Kaskadenpotenzial‘ von KRITIS-Teilsektoren (Elektrizität, Straßenverkehr, Wasserversorgung etc.) messbar macht. In der anschließenden Analyse des KRITIS-Gesamtsystems in Deutschland werden über diverse Auswertungs- und Aufbereitungsformen, bspw. Netzwerk- und Kaskadendiagramme sowie teilsektorbezogene Steckbriefe, bedarfsgerechte Verständnisgrundlagen sowie Informations- und Kommunikationsinstrumente geschaffen. Abschließend werden die Anwendungspotenziale dieser Evidenzgrundlage für unterschiedliche Akteur*innen diskutiert und gezeigt, dass über eine normative Klassifizierung des ‚Systemischen Kaskadenpotenzials‘ eine Grundlage zur Regelung und Gewichtung von KRITIS in der Raumordnung möglich wird.
Systemic criticality
(2021-03-01) Kruse, Philip M.; Schmitt, Hanna C.; Greiving, Stefan
With high certainty, extreme weather events will intensify in their impact within the next 10 years due to climate change-induced increases in hazard probability of occurrence and simultaneous increases in socio-economic vulnerability. Data from previous mega-disasters show that losses from disruptions of critical services surpass the value of direct damages in the exposed areas because critical infrastructures [CI] are increasingly (inter-) dependent. Local events may have global impacts. Systemic criticality, which describes the relevance of a critical infrastructure due to its positioning within the system, needs to be addressed to reduce the likelihood of cascading effects. This paper presents novel approaches to operationalise and assess systemic criticality. Firstly, the paper introduces systemic cascade potential as a measurement of systemic criticality. It takes the relevance of a sector and the relevance of its interdependencies into account to generate a relative value of systemic importance for a CI sector. Secondly, an exemplary sectoral assessment of the road network allows reflecting the spatial manifestation of the first level of cascading effects. It analyses the impact of traffic interruptions on the accessibility of critical facilities to point out the systemically most critical segments of the municipal road network. To further operationalise the spatial dimension of criticality, a normative assertion determining the worthiness of protection of system components is required. A nationwide spatial flood protection plan incorporates this aspect in Germany for the first time. Its formal approval process was initiated in February 2020.
Enhancing resilience towards summer storms from a spatial planning perspective
(2018) Schmitt, Hanna Christine; Greiving, Stefan
Every year, convective extreme weather events like summer storms, hail and heavy precipitation cause enormous damages to assets, values and human lives, especially in urban areas. Although highly relevant for the field and expertise of spatial planning, so far those events are addressed rather poorly; if at all. This is mainly for two reasons: for one, convective extreme events are of ubiquitous character, meaning they have unknown probability and place of occurrence, i.e. are accompanied by great uncertainties. For another, spatial planning does not dispose of convenient concepts and instruments to address events with an intan-gible hazard component, as they are spatially not describable and therefore risk analyses presumably inapplicable. Ultimately, ubiquitous extreme weather events challenge urban disaster resilience and call for enhanced risk management approaches. This chapter discusses the strengths and limitations of spatial planning in dealing with ubiquitous extreme weather events, using the example of summer storm Ela, which devastated large parts of Western Germany in June 2014.
Home as a place of noise control for the elderly?
(2018-05-21) Riedel, Natalie; Köckler, Heike; Schreiner, Joachim; van Kamp, Irene; Erbel, Raimund; Loerbroeks, Adrian; Claßen, Thomas; Bolte, Gabriele
Urban residents’ need to be in control of their home environment can be constrained by perceived uncontrollability of exposure to road traffic noise. Noise annoyance may indicate a psychological stress reaction due to this uncontrollability perception, thereby undermining the restoration process. Environmental resources, such as having access to a quiet side at home and dwelling-related green, may reduce noise annoyance both directly by shielding acoustically and indirectly by enhancing residents’ perceived noise control. We assessed the potential mediating role of perceived noise control in independent and joint associations of road traffic noise exposure (>65 dB Lden) and of an absent dwelling-related environmental resource (three indicators concerning quiet sides and one indicator concerning dwelling-related green) with noise annoyance. In our cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study on elderly urban citizens (N = 1812), we observed a statistically significant indirect effect of noise exposure on noise annoyance through perceived noise control (39%, 95%CI 26–55%). Statistical mediation between indicators of absent environmental resources and noise annoyance was weaker. The potential indirect effect was confirmed for combinations of noise exposure with each of the four indicators of an absent environmental resource. Our findings may call for mitigating noise levels while fostering quietness and green at residents’ homes.
The use of risk information in Strategic Environmental Assessment and spatial planning
(2016) Prenger-Berninghoff, Kathrin; Greiving, Stefan; Vallée, Dirk
Over the past decades, mountainous areas and river valleys in Europe have frequently experienced floods and landslides. In order to reduce negative impacts, society is required to implement risk prevention measures. Decisions on where and how to develop space can significantly influence the vulnerability towards disasters. Specific risk reduction strategies and measures can be implemented at regional and local scales through spatial planning decisions. The ability to make appropriate decisions on future land-uses is supported by the access to suitable risk-related information. Results of science-based risk assessments constitute an important source of information and evidence base in spatial planning practices, especially in the form of hazard or risk maps and plans. The question is how this information is transferred into legally binding decisions at the local planning level. This is where Strategic Environmental Assessment comes in. SEA is a well-established and already existing procedural framework which promotes risk assessment and management. When integrated into the SEA process, risk assessments can be considered together with other environmental concerns within the planning process. Despite the fact that a number of EU regulations for risk reduction provide and aim for a harmonisation of policies among EU Member States, risk reduction approaches still differ considerably in each country. Likewise, spatial planning systems develop in different political and social conditions, e.g. political systems, land ownership patterns and cultural contexts, and hence vary among European countries. Consequently, the ways in which sectoral policies formulate risk reduction strategies and the ways in which these are implemented by spatial planning authorities significantly differ across Europe. While some research projects have examined differences in risk assessment and management approaches, to date there is little clarity about what information or frameworks exactly spatial planners need to purposefully deal with risks. The main objectives consisted in developing an understanding about different ways in which risk information is used in SEA and spatial planning and investigating good ways of dealing with disaster risk. The concept for integrating disaster risk into SEA presented in this dissertation can be used to guide the consideration of risk information during the SEA procedure. Despite the variety of planning systems, and the multitude of socio-economic conditions, the developed concept should ultimately be applicable in all EU Member States. However, due to prevailing differences in assessing and managing risks it will serve different purposes and satisfy different needs. In countries that have separate legally binding hazard or risk reduction instruments, an integration of risk aspects into SEA will support a higher acceptance of the plan, provided a greater public involvement is enabled from the beginning of the planning process. Countries that integrate non-binding risk information into local land use plans and consider and balance risk-related concerns with other interests can make use of this concept to better inform decision-making processes.
Building urban resilience through spatial planning following disasters
(2016) Mägdefrau, Nadine; Greiving, Stefan; Ubaura, Michiko
It is expected that the changing temperatures and rising sea levels caused through global climate change will result in an aggravation of disaster risks (e.g. from heat stress, storms, flooding, landslides, air pollution, drought and water scarcity), particularly in urban areas (IPCC, 2014). This trend is exaggerated by the continuing trend of urbanization, which is projected to result in 66% of the people worldwide to live in cities in 2050 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014, p. 1). It is an important obligation of spatial planners to facilitate that this urban development follows certain standards, including safe housing and the provision of basic utilities and infrastructure as well as adequate health services (PreventionWeb, 2015; United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2014). Resilience is one of the key concepts to address these challenges. If a city is resilient, it is able to “resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions” (UNISDR, 2009, p. 24). The adjustment of existing urban structures is time-consuming and cost-intensive; therefore, a resilient city can most efficiently be achieved when it is first developed (UN-Habitat, 2015) or after a disaster has erased the previously existing city structures (Olshansky, Hopkins, & Johnson, 2012). The time frame after the disaster can be considered as a window of opportunity for planners to build the city back better or – in other words – to build a resilient city. Although the relevance of spatial planners for the construction of resilient cities is obvious, there is little knowledge of spatial planning’s capabilities to achieve this goal so far. Drawing from experiences on the reconstruction process after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011 in Japan’s Miyako City and Ishinomaki City, this dissertation addresses this topic. It explains which of the local spatial planning options can be used to build resilience and how the toolkit of spatial planners can be improved in order to be more efficient to build urban resilience. Even through these spatial planning options differ from country to country and the focus of this work on Japan only enables a limited transferability of the research results, the experiences from Tohoku Region are able to contribute to the ongoing discussion about spatial planning and urban resilience after disasters.
Klimaanpassung in der Regionalplanung
(2016-02) Schmitt, Hanna Christine
Seit Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel herrscht wissenschaftlicher und planungspolitischer Konsens darüber, dass die Regionalplanung zur Implementation von Klimaanpassungsinhalten befähigt ist. Inwieweit die formelle Regionalplanung dieser Befähigung gegenwärtig nachkommt, ist zentraler Untersuchungsgegenstand dieses Artikels. Die Analyse ist eine Vollerhebung für die Regionalplanungsgebiete Deutschlands. Deren Regionalpläne werden auf Vorhandensein und Verbindlichkeit von klimaanpassungsrelevanten Festlegungen untersucht. Das ‚Handlungskonzept der Raumordnung zu Vermeidungs-, Minderungs- und Anpassungsstrategien im Hinblick auf die räumlichen Konsequenzen des Klimawandels’ der Ministerkonferenz für Raumordnung und seine sieben klimaanpassungsbezogenen Handlungsfelder dienen als Analysegrundlage. Im Ergebnis wird der Stand der Implementation von klimaanpassungsrelevanten Regionalplaninhalten dargestellt – sowohl für jedes Handlungsfeld, als auch handlungsfeldübergreifend. Zudem werden die Ergebnisse reflektiert und weitere Anpassungspotentiale aufgezeigt.
Understanding the intangible
(2016) Sprague, Teresa; Greiving, Stefan; Baumgart, Sabine
The changing intensity and frequency of hydro-meteorological (interpreted roughly as "water-related ") hazards and the risk of extreme hazardous events is highly variable, riddled with uncertainty, and requires flexibility in the updating and revision of risk assessment and management strategies. These strategies must overcome challenges posed by a changing environment, and require a place-based approach for establishing an understanding of the local context for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and in trying to develop tailor-made strategies for a local, spatial context. This is particularly relevant given that how risks are handled and defined strongly depends upon this context, which is determined through physical characteristics as well as socio and cultural values. The basic premise for research presented in this dissertation is that DRR is achieved through minimizing risk governance deficits, encouraging good governance practices, and taking a place-based approach to better understand contextual factors and to be able to consequentially respond to the challenges posed by changing environments. Under this premise, a conceptual framework and an analysis tool were created to develop an understanding of "good" risk governance and how this can be operationalized and analyzed within different spatial contexts. The tool itself is based on an extensive policy analysis conducted using MAXQDA qualitative data analysis software to code and derive a category and indicator set for "good" risk governance at the EU level. This level was chosen as a common denominator for the analysis of on-the-ground practices and connects conceptual, policy, and in-practice understandings of "good" risk governance through its use in the analysis and comparison of over 100 qualitative interviews completed in four case study sites. The four cases, represented by catchment based delineations, are divided into two main cases (represented by the Barcelonnette catchment in Alpes des Haute Provence, France and Nehoiu catchment in Buzău County, Romania) and two satellite case (represented by the Fella River catchment in Friuli-Venezia-Giulia region, Italy and the Wieprzówka catchment in Małopolska, Poland). Main cases were chosen and results presented individually to demonstrate the depth of the use of the analysis tool; while the satellite in combination with the main cases were used to demonstrate the cross-case comparative potential and to amass findings through a multi-case breadth. Results reflect upon the analysis tool itself and the understanding of how different and often intangible principles of "good" risk governance can be interpreted and connected to in-practice strategies. The research concludes with recommendations for both the cases and, for the issues found in common across cases, at the EU level for future policy development in advancing the understanding and connection of risk governance to in-practice strategies and issues for local spatial contexts.

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