Europäische Planungskulturen

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Co-production, co-creation or co-design of public space? A systematic review
(2024-08-29) Lee, Dahae; Feiertag, Patricia; Unger, Lena
Public space is increasingly provided and managed by a variety of actors. In order to describe this phenomenon, several concepts have been used, such as co-production, co-creation and co-design. This paper reviews the existing literature on public space and reveals that these concepts are defined similarly and used interchangeably. Based on a systematic literature review, and aided by bibliometric analysis, the paper attempts to establish transparency regarding current understanding and use of the concepts. By discussing the differences, the paper aims to reduce the ambiguity and increase the clarity of the concepts. The paper concludes by suggesting in which case it would be more appropriate to use which concept.
Co-production in the urban setting: fostering definitional and conceptual clarity through comparative research
(2024-03-28) Lee, Dahae; Feiertag, Patricia; Unger, Lena
Co-production is a concept which is increasingly popular in the planning field to refer to multi-stakeholder collaboration and partnership with citizens. However, the existing literature suggests that the rapid growth of the concept has resulted in ambiguity about its meaning. Given that the concept has a potential in planning research and practice, the thematic issue aims to present studies that use comparative approaches as a way to sharpen the understanding of co-production. The issue includes one commentary and six articles with empirical evidence from various countries across the world. The editorial provides overarching context and introduces each contribution of the issue.
Co-production of privately owned public space: Who, why, when, and how?
(2024-01-29) Lee, Dahae; Scholten, Nele
The term ‘co-production’ has been used in various fields, including planning, as collaborative forms of public goods and service delivery gain significance. Co-production has two sides—the ‘co’ side refers to actors and their motivations, while the ‘production’ side refers to phases and instruments. This paper examines privately owned public space/s (POPS) based on the two sides of co-production. Thereby, it addresses two research gaps. First, less has been written to date on the involvement of actors other than local authorities and developers. Second, little attention has been paid to the phase through which POPS are co-produced. The paper fills these research gaps by presenting the empirical work undertaken in HafenCity, Hamburg. It reveals a wide range of actors engaged in four different phases through various instruments. This paper also identifies challenges of co-production of POPS, and makes recommendations.
Defining co-production: a review of the planning literature
(2023-12-17) Lee, Dahae; Feiertag, Patricia; Unger, Lena
Co-production is a concept that is becoming increasingly popular across various fields including planning. This article reviews planning literature on co-production and reveals that the term has not been well defined. The existing definitions are inconsistent and ambiguous, requiring more conceptual clarity to avoid contention. Based on the systematic literature review, and aided by bibliometric analysis, the article identifies seven dimensions within the current definitions of co-production: (1) actor, (2) reason, (3) input, (4) output, (5) phase, (6) means, and (7) context. This article concludes by proposing a conceptual and analytical framework for defining co-production in planning theory and practice.
Actors, the actor network and their impact on public space management: social network analysis as a method
(2023-03-30) Lee, Dahae
Public space is an essential element of cities as it offers several benefits. Due to its significance, there is much discussion of its design, development and use. Although equally important, the management of public space lacks attention in academia and policy. This is regrettable given concerns about the quality of public space and calls for substantial changes in public space management. Moreover, while multi-actor involvement in public space management has become popular, its impact has been less studied. This paper attempts to fill the research gap by presenting an empirical study on Görlitzer Park in Berlin, Germany. Thereby, it focuses on multi-actor involvement in public space management. Based on the results of social network analysis, the paper provides a valuable insight into the actors involved, the actor network and their impact on public space management. Most importantly, the paper argues that the structure of the actor network matters for managing public space. This suggests that improving the actor network can be a key to enhancing the quality of public space. The paper also discusses how to improve communication between actors to better manage public space.
Spatial knowledge and urban planning
(2022-08-25) Heinrich, Anna Juliane; Million, Angela; Zimmermann, Karsten
Urban planning is simultaneously shaped by and creates new (spatial) knowledge. The changes in planning culture that have taken place in the last decades—especially the so-called communicative turn in planning in the 1990s—have brought about an increased attention to a growing range of stakeholders of urban development, their interests, logics, and participation in planning as well as the negotiation processes between these stakeholders. However, while this has also been researched in breadth and depth, only scant attention has been paid to the knowledge (claims) of these stakeholders. In planning practice, knowledge, implicit and explicit, has been a highly relevant topic for quite some time: It is discussed how local knowledge can inform urban planning, how experimental knowledge on urban development can be generated in living labs, and what infrastructures can process “big data” and make it usable for planning, to name a few examples. With the thematic issue on “Spatial Knowledge and Urban Planning” we invited articles aiming at exploring the diverse understandings of (spatial) knowledge, and how knowledge influences planning and how planning itself constitutes processes of knowledge generation. The editorial gives a brief introduction to the general topic. Subsequently, abstracts of all articles illustrate what contents the issue has to offer and the specific contribution of each text is carved out. In the conclusion, common and recurring themes as well as remaining gaps and open questions at the interface of spatial knowledge and urban planning are discussed.
Temporal entrainment: temporary use stabilisation in German and Dutch contexts of urban regeneration
(2022) Chang, Robin A.; Zimmermann, Karsten; Gerrits, Lasse
Over the last two decades, temporary uses have proliferated in practise. Urban (planning) scholarship discourses have witnessed this, too. However, shifts in understanding temporary uses emphasize how new understandings should be framed in relation to broader and processes of change. This dissertation’s work pursues such a new framing through two key conceptual and substantive aims. The first regards the possibility to frame the relationship between long-term processes of change and short-term temporary uses through a temporality lens. The second is to develop a temporality relevant vernacular to articulate insights gained through this lens. Three research questions operationalise these aims: How does temporary use stabilise? Which factors are key to the explanations of how temporary use stabilise? And, how can we explain temporary use stabilisation and supporting factors through a temporality lens? The empirical insights from data collected between 2015 and 2019 in the comparative case study contexts of urban regeneration in Bremen (GE) and Rotterdam (NL) inform the analyses and mixed-methods approach of the work. These include qualitative analyses of interview transcripts, site and participant observations, as well as a range of scholarly, policy and grey literature. These also encompass hybrid qualitative and quantitative analyses through bibliometrics and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analyses. The empirical insights explicate the diverse patterns of temporality through processes in temporary use (adaptation, professionalisation, and communication), which are also contingent on configurations of conditions as supporting factors for stabilisation. Elaborated through a series of five contributions, the dissertation presents analytical work and proposes a line of reasoning that argues for the framing of temporary uses processes as temporalities, which express various and interacting rhythmic patterns. This introduces less binary illustrations of how temporary uses by explicating through characterisations of temporalities, which do not rely on duration as a keystone measure for temporary use. Instead, processes of temporary use (stabilisation) are understood as layered, interpenetrating, and subsuming processes in temporary uses (adaptation, professionalisation, and communication). A temporality framework that mobilises the concepts of 1) trajectories, 2) rhythmanalysis, and 3) entrainment helps explains stabilisation. The rhythmanalytical vocabulary articulates the diverse patterns of synchronisation and syncopation, while the notion of trajectory helps delineate paradoxical paths of stabilised temporary use in space. Altogether and interwoven with the temporalities of broader and external processes such as urban regeneration, temporary uses become stabilised in the forward motions of entrainment. These findings also unearth other temporal concerns for how time is understood, leveraged, and made inclusive. There are lessons to be learned by scholars and practitioners about the variety of rhythms and paces, as well as how they undergird new notions of capital, politics, futures, and spaces. Most relevant for scholarship, this dissertation draws attention to how unmindful respect for conventions (re)produce blinders in methodology. Lastly, a more thoughtful engagement with time and temporality in the full range of domains in research design (philosophical, conceptual, methodological, and substantive) through process- and longitudinal studies could give further insights on temporary use stabilisation.
Public space in transition
(2022) Lee, Dahae; Zimmermann, Karsten; Million, Angela
Teheran-ro in Seoul and Mediaspree area in Berlin are pristine examples for public spaces with a history of rapid change in the context of broader political and economic transitions. Dahae Lee shows that in such a transitional context, the public sector alone is incapable to provide and manage public space. Hence, it engages private sector entities in the form of privately owned public space/s (POPS). By analysing the planning instruments used for POPS in both cases, their uniqueness as well as strengths and weaknesses are revealed. Based on the results this study offers a number of policy recommendations for cities that encounter similar problems. License: CC-BY (applies to online archiving as well) Text to the license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839462324
Environmental justice and green infrastructure in the Ruhr
(2021-06-07) Zimmermann, Karsten; Lee, Dahae
Over the last 50 years, the Ruhr region experienced a remarkable transformation from an industrial to a post-industrial region. With regard to the rehabilitation of the environmental damages of more than 100 years of coal mining and steel production, investment in green infrastructure, and the creation of regional landscape parks constituted one of the main pillars of the economic and physical transformation of the region. However, little is known about the social effects of this green transformation. Many observers state that the Ruhr area is sharply divided by an east–west line (the A40 Highway) and in fact the Emscher zone was hit most by environmental degradation. We argue that environmental justice is a question of scale. While on the regional scale, the investments made in the Emscher zone can be seen as a trial to balance and repair a long-standing unequal provision with environmental qualities (not least parks), on a smaller scale (i.e., cities and neighbourhoods) we can demonstrate that in the cities of the Emscher zone environmental inequality is still observable. Some neighbourhoods benefit stronger from investment in regional parks and green infrastructure than others. The paper will describe the Emscher green regeneration programme and will give detailed insights into two cities of the Ruhr (including maps and data analysis).
How do scholars communicate the ‘temporary turn’ in urban studies?
(2021-02-24) Chang, Robin
Interdisciplinarity broadens urban planning praxis and simultaneously deepens how urban research unfurls. Indeed, this breadth and depth diverges and converges the understanding of current and popular concepts such as temporary use (TU)—also recognized as short-term or temporally undefined use of space. Through a meta-research, or research about research approach employing socio-semiotics and bibliometric analyses for the first time in relation to TU, I clarify the increasing scholarly attention to urban interventions by asking: How are urban scholars communicating the TU discourse? A socio-semiotic framework helps unpack the production of meanings as well as symbols channeled through the scholarly institutionalization of TU. Supporting this, I use bibliometric analyses to explicate the production and reproduction of meaning through keywords and citation networks in research literature. This study illuminates epistemological activities and reflects on directions tied to our understanding and articulation of a potential ‘Temporary Turn’ in theory and practice.
Potenziale für die räumliche Planung bei Beteiligungsprozessen von Jugendlichen mittels digitaler Medien
(2021) Bradtke, Alexandra; Zimmermann, Karsten; Lietzmann, Hans J.
Kinder und Jugendliche befinden sich in einer Wachstums- und Lernphase, nehmen in der öffentlichen Stadt- und Regionalplanung, vor allem in Anbetracht sozialräumlicher und infrastruktureller Gegebenheiten, teilweise vordringliche gesellschaftliche Rollen ein. Ein Verhindern der Abwanderung respektive eine Motivation zum Rückkehren zu schaffen ist möglich, wenn Jugendliche zu ihrer Heimat eine so große Verbindung aufbauen, dass sie dort bleiben oder zurückkommen möchten, falls sie nach ihrem Schulabschluss zu Ausbildungs- oder Studienzwecken ihren Wohnort verlassen. Ein einflussreicher Faktor für eine positive Einstellung ist das Erleben einer angenehmen Jugendzeit in der Heimatgemeinde, wofür es unter anderem unerlässlich ist, dass Gemeindeverwaltungen Kinder und Jugendliche in öffentliche Planungsprozesse einbeziehen. Die folgende Untersuchung zeigt, dass Vorteile von Kinder- und Jugendbeteiligungen ihrerseits und auf Seiten öffentlicher Akteure bestehen. Kinder und Jugendliche erweisen sich als Experten für ihre Themen, denn sie kennen Trends und aktuelle Begebenheiten, die ihre Altersklassen bewegen. Aussagen von Experten werden durch diese Arbeit in dem Punkt bestätigt, dass wenn Kinder und Jugendliche ihre Heimat mitgestalten, sie Planungen der öffentlichen Hand vermehrt annehmen. Doch an die heranwachsende Generation heranzutreten, sie zu einer Beteiligung zu motivieren und davon zu überzeugen, ist ein schwieriges Unterfangen. Jugendliche sind so verschieden, haben vielfältige Interessen, verschiedene Entwicklungsstadien und ein unterschiedliches Zeitbudget. Online-Beteiligung mag da der Schlüssel zum Erfolg sein, auf den ersten Blick. Doch diese Arbeit zeigt auf, welche Schwierigkeiten hinter Online- und auch Offline- Beteiligungsmethoden liegen, worin Chancen bestehen und wie Jugendliche für Beteiligungsprozesse zu gewinnen sind, bzw. was sie abhält.
Whose space is privately owned public space?
(2020-09-15) Lee, Dahae
Privately Owned Public Space/s (POPS) is a mechanism to increase provision of public space, particularly in densely built-up urban areas. The empirical work undertaken along the Teheran-ro in Seoul reveals that even well-equipped and highly accessible POPS can be exclusive or underused. This paper argues that the problem of exclusion and underuse of POPS is related to the lack of knowledge of POPS and of awareness that they are public spaces. The more they are known and perceived as public spaces, the more widely and actively they will be used. Hence, the paper adds further recommendations to the existing suggestions.
Relevanz, Wandel und Anforderungen wissenschaftlicher Politikberatung in der Raumplanung
(2017-12-18) Zimmermann, Karsten
Evidenced based planning is a salient issue and evokes questions about the role of expertise and scientific policy advice in spatial planning. The paper considers recent trends in the debate on scientific policy advice (crises of expertise, privatization/democratization of expertise, blurring of boundaries between science and policy) and reflects upon these trends against the background of the particular situation of scientific policy advice in spatial planning in Germany. Many insights from the wider debate on policy advice also hold true for spatial planning. However, spatial planning, at least in Germany, reveals some particularities. The scientific foundation of spatial planning is interdisciplinary and the gap between science and practice is probably less visible compared to other scientific disciplines. This makes dualistic approaches (science – policy boundaries) questionable. At the same time recent trends towards Gesellschaftsberatung (advice for society), transformative science and transdisciplinarity are attractive directions in spatial planning.
Local climate policies in Germany
(2018-06-26) Zimmermann, Karsten; Sinnett, Danielle
Measures and strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation on the local level have become more or less obligatory. However, local governments face epistemic and organisational uncertainties. New agencies are created, new intra- and inter-organisational relationships are established and new competencies are requested. We argue that knowledge orders are of utmost importance for the institutionalisation of climate policies. We compare knowledge generation, the production of evidence and framing in the local administration of the three cities Munich, Frankfurt am Main and Stuttgart and find commonalities and differences.

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